Foreword - TRADEMARK MANUAL OF EXAMINING PROCEDURE (TMEP) Introduction - Constitutional Basis Change Summary - CHANGES: INDEX TO CHANGES IN TMEP May 2024 Instructions Page - TRADEMARK MANUAL OF EXAMINING PROCEDURE 0100 - General Information 101 - Trademark Statute and Rules 102 - U.S. Patent and Trademark Office Website 103 - Trademark Documents 104 - Trademark Search Systems 105 - General Information About Trademarks 106 - The Official Gazette 107 - Trademark Manuals 108 - Status Inquiries 108.01 - Trademark Status and Document Retrieval (TSDR) Database 108.02 - Trademark Assistance Center (TAC) 108.03 - Due Diligence: Duty to Monitor Status 109 - Access to Records 109.01 - Electronic Image Records 109.02 - Paper Files 109.03 - Making Copies of Materials in Records 110 - Decisions Available to the Public 111 - Requests for Copies of Trademark Documents 112 - Patent and Trademark Resource Centers 0200 - Application Filing Date 201 - What Constitutes a Filing Date 201.01 - Effective Filing Date Controls for Purposes of Determining Priority for Publication or Issue 201.02 - Constructive Use Priority 202 - Requirements for Receiving a Filing Date 202.01 - Clear Drawing of the Mark 202.02 - Listing of Recognizable Goods or Services 202.03 - Filing Fee for at Least One Class of Goods or Services 202.03(a) - Fee Payment Refused or Charged Back by Financial Institution 202.03(a)(i) - Processing Fee for Payment Refused or Charged Back by Financial Institution 203 - Review for Compliance with Minimum Requirements 204 - Defective or Informal Applications 204.01 - Filing Date Cancelled if Minimum Filing Requirements Not Met 204.02 - Resubmission of Applications and Request to Restore Filing Date 204.03 - Examining Attorney’s Handling of Applications that Are Erroneously Accorded a Filing Date 205 - Filing Date Is Not Normally Changed 206 - Effective Filing Date 206.01 - Amendment of §1(b) Application from Principal Register to Supplemental Register upon Filing of Allegation of Use 206.02 - Application Claiming Priority under §44(d) or §67 206.03 - Applications Filed before November 16, 1989 that Are Amended to the Supplemental Register on or after November 16, 1989 206.04 - Examining Attorney’s Action after Conducting New Search When the Effective Filing Date Changes to a Later Date 0300 - Filing and Receipt of Documents 301 - Filing Documents 301.01 - Electronic Filing Is Mandatory 301.01(a) - Trademark Electronic Application System (TEAS) 301.01(b) - TEAS Availability 301.02 - Limited Exceptions for Paper Submissions 301.02(a) - Treaty-exempt Filers under International Agreements 301.02(b) - Specimens for Scent, Flavor, or Similar Non-Traditional Marks 301.02(c) - Petition to Accept a Paper Submission 301.02(d) - Postal Service Interruption or Emergency 301.02(e) - Applications Filed under Trademark Action Section 66(a) 301.02(f) - 302 - Trademark Correspondence - In General 302.01 - Duplicate Documents Should Not Be Filed 302.02 - Identifying the Type of Document Filed 302.02(a) - Correspondence Pertaining to Trademark Applications 302.02(b) - Correspondence Pertaining to Trademark Registrations 303 - Filing Date of Trademark Correspondence 303.01 - Filing Date for Electronic Submissions 303.02 - Acknowledgment of Receipt by USPTO 303.02(a) - TEAS “Success” Page 303.02(b) - Permitted Paper Filings: USPTO 303.02(c) - Permitted Paper Filings: Filer-provided Postcard Receipt 304 - Email 304.01 - Informal Communication Acceptable via Email 304.02 - Formal Communications Not Acceptable via Email 304.03 - Official Email Correspondence from the USPTO 305 - Permitted Paper Filings: Mailing Documents to the USPTO 305.01 - Mailing Addresses 305.02 - Certificate of Mailing Procedure 305.02(a) - When Certificate of Mailing Procedure May Be Used 305.02(b) - Mailing Requirements 305.02(c) - Location and Form of Certificate 305.02(d) - Wording of Certificate of Mailing 305.02(e) - Effect of Certificate of Mailing 305.02(f) - Correspondence Mailed Pursuant to 37 C.F.R. §2.197 but Not Received by USPTO 305.02(g) - Correspondence Deposited as First-class Mail Pursuant to 37 C.F.R. §2.197 and Returned by the U.S. Postal Service 305.02(h) - Certificate of Mailing Requirements Strictly Enforced 305.03 - Priority Mail Express® 305.03(a) - Filing Date When Priority Mail Express® Is Used 305.03(b) - Discrepancy between Filing Date and “Date Accepted” 305.03(c) - Incorrectly Entered “Date Accepted” 305.03(d) - Correspondence Not Received by the USPTO 305.03(e) - Certificate of Mailing under 37 C.F.R. §2.197 for Documents Sent by Priority Mail Express® 305.04 - Interruptions in U.S. Postal Service 306 - Facsimile (Fax) Submissions 307 - Hand Delivery 308 - Period Ending on Saturday, Sunday, or Federal Holiday 309 - Unscheduled Closings of the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office 310 - Computing Period for Response to Office Action or Notice 0400 - Processing Documents and Fees 401 - Processing New Applications 401.01 - Filing Receipts 401.02 - Application Serial Numbers 401.03 - Creation of Application Records 402 - Electronic Application and Registration Records 402.01 - USPTO Does Not Create Paper Copies of Trademark-Related Documents 403 - USPTO Correspondence Returned as Undeliverable 404 - Documents Not Returnable 405 - Fees 405.01 - Credit Cards 405.02 - Checks 405.03 - Deposit Accounts 405.04 - Refunds 405.05 - Electronic Funds Transfer 405.06 - Payments Refused or Charged Back by Financial Institutions 0500 - Change of Ownership 501 - Assignment of Marks 501.01 - Assignability of Marks in Applications and Registrations 501.01(a) - Assignability of Intent-to-Use Applications 501.01(b) - Assignability of Extensions of Protection of International Registrations to the United States 501.02 - Assignments Must Be in Writing 501.03 - Effect of Failure to Record Assignment 501.04 - Foreign Assignee May Designate Domestic Representative 501.05 - Assignee Stands in Place of Applicant or Registrant 501.06 - Partial Assignments 501.07 - Assignment of Extension of Protection of International Registration to the United States 502 - Establishing Ownership of Applications or Registrations 502.01 - Establishing the Right to Take Action in Application or Registration 502.02 - Pending Applications - Issuance of Registration Certificate in Name of Assignee or in Applicant’s New Name 502.02(a) - Applications Under Trademark Act §1 and §44 502.02(b) - Applications Under Trademark Act §66(a) 502.02(c) - Examining Attorney’s Action Regarding Assignment 502.03 - Issuance of New Certificate to Assignee of Registrant 503 - Recording with Assignment Recordation Branch 503.01 - Effect of Recording a Document 503.01(a) - Recording May Not Update Ownership Information 503.01(b) - Recording Does Not Update Correspondence Address in Trademark Database 503.01(c) - Recording Is Not a Determination of Validity 503.01(d) - Recording Does Not Constitute Response to Office Action 503.01(e) - Conditional Assignment 503.02 - Documents that the Office Will Record 503.03 - Requirements for Recording 503.03(a) - Formal Requirements for Recording Documents 503.03(b) - Supporting Documents 503.03(c) - English Language Requirement 503.03(d) - Fee for Recording 503.03(e) - Cover Sheet 503.04 - Mailing Address for Submitting Paper Documents for Recording 503.05 - Recording Procedure and Recordation Date 503.06 - Correction of Errors in Cover Sheet or Recorded Document 503.06(a) - Typographical Errors in Cover Sheet 503.06(a)(i) - Typographical Errors in Cover Sheet that Do Not Affect Title to Application or Registration 503.06(a)(ii) - Typographical Errors in Cover Sheet that Do Affect Title to Application or Registration 503.06(b) - Typographical Errors in Recorded Assignment Document 503.06(c) - Assignment, Change of Name, or Other Interest Improperly Filed and Recorded by Another Person Against Owner’s Application or Registration 503.06(d) - Owner Must Notify Trademark Operation of Correction 503.06(e) - Recorded Documents Not Removed from Assignment Records 503.06(f) - Petitions to Correct or “Expunge” Assignment Records 503.07 - “Indexing” Against Recorded Document Not Permitted 503.08 - Accessibility of Assignment Records 503.08(a) - Trademark Assignment Abstracts of Title 504 - Automatic Updating of Ownership of Trademark Applications and Registrations in Trademark Database 504.01 - Circumstances in Which Trademark Database Will Not Be Automatically Updated 504.02 - Processing Time for Automatic Updating 504.03 - Correction to Automatic Update - Last Recorded Owner Does Not Have Clear Chain of Title 504.04 - Automatic Updating Does Not Apply to §66(a) Applications and Registered Extensions of Protection 505 - Requesting Update of Ownership Information When the Trademark Database Does Not Automatically Update After a Document Is Recorded 505.01 - Request to Update Ownership Information in Pending Application 505.02 - Request to Update Ownership Information After Registration 0600 - Attorney, Representative, Correspondence, and Signature 601 - Requirement for Representation Based on Domicile of Mark Owner 601.01 - Determining an Owner’s Domicile 601.01(a) - Owners with a Non-U.S. Domicile 601.01(b) - Owners with a U.S. Domicile 601.01(c) - Examination Procedures for Reviewing Domicile Addresses 601.01(c)(i) - Determining the Acceptability of Domicile Addresses 601.01(c)(ii) - Evaluating a New Domicile Address Provided in Response to a Domicile Address Requirement 601.01(c)(iii) - Reviewing General Arguments or Evidence Provided in Response to a Domicile Address Requirement 601.01(c)(iv) - Reviewing “No Fixed Physical Address” Explanation 601.01(c)(iv)(A) - Response Options for Applicants or Registrants with “No Fixed Physical Address” 601.01(c)(iv)(B) - Reviewing the Name, Title, and Domicile Address of an Individual with Legal Authority to Bind the Juristic Entity 601.01(c)(v) - Checking the Record for a Petition to the Director to Waive the Domicile Address Requirement 601.01(d) - Domicile Address Must Be Kept Current 601.01(e) - Hiding the Domicile Address 601.02 - Communications with Applicant or Registrant Who Is Represented by an Attorney 602 - Persons Authorized to Practice Before USPTO in Trademark Matters 602.01 - Attorneys Licensed to Practice in the United States 602.01(a) - Attorney Identification Information Required 602.01(b) - Invalid Attorney Identification Information 602.02 - Non-Attorneys 602.03 - Foreign Attorneys and Agents 602.03(a) - Canadian Trademark Attorneys and Agents 602.03(b) - Documents Filed by Foreign Attorneys and Agents Not Reciprocally Recognized 602.03(c) - Representatives of Holders of International Registrations 603 - Standards of Conduct 604 - Recognition as a Representative 604.01 - Three Ways to Be Recognized as a Representative 604.02 - Attorney Bar Information Required 604.03 - Duration of Recognition 604.04 - Change of Attorney 605 - Powers of Attorney 605.01 - Requirements for Power of Attorney 605.02 - Power of Attorney Relating to More than One Application or Registration 605.03 - Associate Powers of Attorney 605.04 - Power of Attorney Filed After Registration 606 - Revocation of Power of Attorney 607 - Withdrawal of Attorney of Record 608 - Unauthorized Practice 608.01 - Actions by Unauthorized Persons Not Permitted 608.02 - Individuals Excluded, Suspended, or Unauthorized to Practice Before the USPTO 609 - Correspondence, with Whom Held 609.01 - Establishing the Correspondence Address 609.01(a) - Correspondence in Section 66(a) Applications and Registrations 609.02 - Changing the Correspondence Address 609.02(a) - When the Correspondence Address May be Changed Without Using the TEAS Change of Address or Representation Form 609.02(b) - Requirements for Request to Change Correspondence Address 609.02(c) - Processing Requests to Change the Correspondence Address Before Registration 609.02(d) - Changing the Correspondence Address in Multiple Applications or Registrations 609.02(e) - Changing the Correspondence Address After Registration 609.02(f) - Correspondence After Recordation of Change of Ownership 609.03 - Applicant and Registrant Have Duty to Maintain Current and Accurate Correspondence Address 610 - Designation of Domestic Representative by Parties Not Domiciled in the United States 611 - Signature on Correspondence Filed in the United States Patent and Trademark Office 611.01 - Signature and Certificate 611.01(a) - Signature as Certificate 611.01(b) - Requirements for Signature 611.01(c) - Signature of Documents Filed Electronically 611.01(c)(i) - Electronic Signatures Generated Using Document-signing Software 611.01(c)(ii) - Requirements for Electronic Signatures Generated Using Document-signing Software 611.02 - Signatures by Authorized Parties Required 611.02(a) - TEAS Signature Radio Buttons 611.03 - Proper Person to Sign 611.03(a) - Verification 611.03(b) - Responses, Amendments to Applications, Requests for Express Abandonment, Requests for Reconsideration of Final Actions, and Requests to Divide 611.03(c) - Powers of Attorney and Revocations of Powers of Attorney 611.03(d) - Petitions to Revive 611.03(e) - Petitions to the Director 611.03(f) - Amendment, Correction, or Surrender of Registration 611.03(g) - Renewal Applications 611.03(h) - Designations and Revocations of Domestic Representative 611.03(i) - Requests to Change Correspondence Address in an Application or Registration 611.04 - Examples of Authorized and Potentially Unauthorized Signatories 611.05 - Processing Documents Signed by an Improper Party 611.05(a) - Notice of Incomplete Response when Authority of Person Signing Response Is Unclear 611.05(b) - Replying to a Notice of Incomplete Response 611.05(c) - Unsatisfactory Response or Failure to Respond 611.06 - Guidelines on Persons with Legal Authority to Bind Certain Juristic Entities 611.06(a) - Joint Owners 611.06(b) - Signature by Partnership 611.06(c) - Signature by Joint Venture 611.06(d) - Signature by Corporation 611.06(e) - Signature by Foreign Companies and Corporations 611.06(f) - Signature by Unincorporated Association 611.06(g) - Signature by Limited Liability Company 611.06(h) - Signature by Limited Liability Partnership 0700 - Procedure for Examining Applications 701 - Statutory Authority for Examination 702 - Order of Work 702.01 - Order of Examination 702.02 - “Special” Applications 702.03 - Related Applications 702.03(a) - Companion Applications 702.03(a)(i) - Companion Applications Not Previously Assigned for the Same or Similar Marks 702.03(a)(ii) - Companion Applications Previously Assigned 702.03(a)(iii) - Companion Registrations 702.03(a)(iv) - Classification and Identification in Companion Applications that Have Registered or Been Published for Opposition 702.03(b) - Conflicting Applications 703 - USPTO Does Not Issue Duplicate Registrations 704 - Initial Examination 704.01 - Initial Examination Must Be Complete 704.02 - Examining Attorney’s Search 704.03 - Supervisory Examining Attorney May Indicate Action for Non-Signatory Examining Attorney 705 - The Examining Attorney’s Letter or Action 705.01 - Language in Examining Attorney’s Letter 705.02 - Examining Attorneys Should Not Volunteer Statements 705.03 - Citation of Conflicting Marks 705.04 - Reference to Matter in Printed or Online Publications 705.05 - Citation of Decisions and USPTO Publications 705.06 - Reviewing and Signing of Letters 705.07 - Processing Outgoing Office Actions 705.08 - Response Clause 706 - New Matter Raised by Examining Attorney After First Action 706.01 - Clear Error 707 - Examiner’s Amendment 707.01 - Approval of Examiner’s Amendment by Applicant or Applicant’s Attorney 707.02 - Examiner’s Amendment Without Prior Authorization by Applicant or Applicant’s Attorney 707.03 - Form of the Examiner’s Amendment 708 - Priority Action 708.01 - Priority Action Defined 708.02 - Discussion of Issues and Agreements 708.03 - Form of the Priority Action 708.04 - Refusal of Registration in Priority Action 708.05 - Combined Examiner’s Amendment and Priority Action 709 - Interviews 709.01 - Personal Interviews 709.02 - Persons With Whom the Examining Attorney May Discuss the Application in an Interview 709.03 - Making Substance of Interview of Record 709.04 - Telephone and Email Communications 709.05 - Informal Communications 709.06 - Interviews Prior to Filing Application 709.07 - Decorum Required in Communications with the Office 710 - Evidence 710.01 - Evidence Supporting Refusal or Requirement 710.01(a) - Evidence from Research Database 710.01(b) - Internet Evidence 710.01(c) - Record Must Be Complete Prior to Appeal 710.02 - Search for Evidence Indicating No Refusal or Requirement Necessary 710.03 - Evidence of Third-Party Registrations 711 - Deadline for Response to Office Action 711.01 - Request for Extension of Time to Respond 711.01(a) - Requirements for Request for Extension of Time to Respond 711.01(b) - Time for Filing a Request for Extension of Time to Respond 711.02 - Time May Run from Previous Action 711.03 - Supplemental Office Action Resetting Response Period 712 - Signature on Response to Office Action 712.01 - Persons Who May Sign Response 712.02 - Unsigned Response 712.03 - Response Signed by an Improper Person 713 - Examination of Amendments and Responses to Office Actions 713.01 - Previous Action by Different Examining Attorney 713.02 - Noting All Outstanding Refusals or Requirements 713.03 - Response to Applicant’s Arguments in Nonfinal Actions 714 - Final Action 714.01 - Not Permissible on First Action 714.02 - Not Permissible on Suspension 714.03 - When Final Action is Appropriate 714.04 - Form of the Final Action 714.05 - Delineating New Issues Requiring Issuance of Nonfinal Action 714.05(a) - When an Amendment Proposed By Applicant Requires a New Nonfinal Action 714.05(a)(i) - Amendment to Supplemental Register or Submission of Claim of Acquired Distinctiveness 714.05(a)(ii) - Amendment of Identification of Goods/Services 714.05(b) - Section 2(d) Refusal Based on Earlier-Filed Application that Has Matured Into Registration 714.05(c) - Advisory Statement Cannot Serve as Foundation for Final Refusal or Requirement 714.05(d) - Submission of Consent Agreement or Assertion of Unity of Control in Response to §2(d) Refusal 714.05(e) - Submission of Substitute Specimen in Response to Refusal for Failure to Show Use of the Mark in Commerce 714.05(f) - Submission of Substitute Specimen in Response to Refusal for Failure to Show the Applied-For Mark Functioning as a Mark 714.06 - Applicant’s Recourse When Final Action is Premature 715 - Action After Issuance of Final Action 715.01 - Proper Response to Final Action 715.02 - Action After Final Action 715.03 - Request for Reconsideration After Final Action 715.03(a) - Examining Attorney’s Action When No New Issue or No Significantly Different Evidence Is Presented in Request for Reconsideration and No Notice of Appeal Has Been Filed 715.03(a)(i) - Request for Reconsideration Resolves All Outstanding Issues and No Notice of Appeal Has Been Filed 715.03(a)(ii) - Request for Reconsideration Does Not Resolve All Outstanding Issues and No Notice of Appeal Has Been Filed 715.03(a)(ii)(A) - Prior Amendment Withdrawn 715.03(a)(ii)(B) - Outstanding Refusals and/or Requirements Must Be Continued, Time Remains in Response Period for Applicant to Appeal, and No Notice of Appeal Has Been Filed 715.03(a)(ii)(C) - Outstanding Refusals and/or Requirements May Be Resolved if Applicant Is Given 30 Days or Time Remaining in Response Period to Comply with Issues 715.03(a)(ii)(D) - Outstanding Refusals and/or Requirements Must Be Continued, Time for Appeal Has Expired, and No Notice of Appeal Has Been Filed – Abandon for Incomplete Response 715.03(a)(ii)(E) - Responses After Final Refusal Signed by Unauthorized Persons, Unsigned Responses, TEAS Responses Consisting Solely of a Signature, and TEAS Responses Missing Significant Data or Attachments 715.03(b) - Examining Attorney’s Action When New Issue or New Evidence Is Presented in Request for Reconsideration and No Notice of Appeal Has Been Filed 715.03(c) - Time for Appeal Runs from Issue Date of Final Action 715.04 - Request for Reconsideration Filed in Conjunction with Notice of Appeal 715.04(a) - Examining Attorney's Action When No New Issue Is Presented in Request for Reconsideration and Notice of Appeal Has Been Filed 715.04(b) - Examining Attorney's Action When New Issue or New Evidence is Presented and Notice of Appeal Has Been Filed 716 - Suspension of Action by USPTO 716.01 - Form of Suspension Notice 716.02 - Circumstances Under Which Action May Be Suspended 716.02(a) - Applicant’s Petition to Cancel Cited Registration 716.02(b) - Submission of Copy of Foreign Registration in §44(d) Application 716.02(c) - Conflicting Marks in Pending Applications 716.02(d) - Inter Partes or Court Proceeding 716.02(e) - Pending Cancellation or Expiration of Cited Registration 716.02(f) - Pending Expiration of “Insurance” Extension Request 716.02(g) - Pending Receipt of a Correction, Limitation, Assignment, or other Change to the International Record from the International Bureau 716.02(h) - Pending Recordation of an Assignment Document 716.02(i) - Pending Registry Agreement with ICANN for Marks Comprised Solely of gTLDs for Domain Registry Operator and Domain Name Registrar Services 716.02(j) - Pending Disposition of Expungement or Reexamination Proceedings 716.02(k) - Pending Disposition of Post Registration Audit 716.02(l) - Pending Decision on a Petition to Waive the Domicile Address Requirement 716.03 - Applicant’s Arguments Against Suspension 716.04 - Suspended Docket Checked 716.05 - Inquiry by Examining Attorney Regarding Suspended Application 716.06 - Suspension After Final Action 717 - Reissuing an Office Action 717.01 - Email Notice of Office Action Undeliverable 717.02 - Permitted Paper Filings: Non-Receipt of Mailed Office Action 718 - Abandonment 718.01 - Express Abandonment by Applicant or Applicant’s Attorney 718.02 - Failure by Applicant to Take Required Action During the Relevant Response Period 718.02(a) - Partial Abandonment 718.03 - Incomplete Response 718.03(a) - Holding of Abandonment for Failure to Respond Completely 718.03(b) - Granting Additional Time to Perfect Response 718.04 - Failure to File Statement of Use 718.05 - Failure to Perfect Appeal 718.06 - Notice of Abandonment for Failure to Respond 718.07 - Revival or Reinstatement of Abandoned Application - New Search Required 719 - Non-Responsive Communications 720 - Fraudulent Filings 0800 - Application Requirements 801 - Types of Applications 801.01 - Single or Combined Application 801.01(a) - Single (Single-Class) Application 801.01(b) - Combined (Multiple-Class) Application 801.02 - Principal Register or Supplemental Register 801.02(a) - Act of 1946, Principal Register 801.02(b) - Act of 1946, Supplemental Register 802 - Application Form 803 - Applicant 803.01 - Who May Apply 803.02 - Name of Applicant 803.02(a) - Individual 803.02(b) - Partnership, Joint Venture, or Other “Firm” 803.02(c) - Corporation and Association 803.03 - Legal Entity of Applicant 803.03(a) - Individual or Sole Proprietorship 803.03(b) - Partnership, Joint Venture, or Other “Firm” 803.03(c) - Corporation, Association, Organization, and Company 803.03(d) - Joint Applicants 803.03(e) - Trusts, Conservatorships, and Estates 803.03(e)(i) - Business Trusts 803.03(f) - Governmental Bodies and Universities 803.03(g) - Banking Institutions 803.03(h) - Limited Liability Companies 803.03(i) - Common Terms Designating Entity of Foreign Applicants 803.03(j) - Federally Recognized Indian Tribe 803.03(k) - Limited Liability Partnerships 803.04 - Citizenship of Applicant 803.05 - Domicile and Email Addresses of Applicant 803.05(a) - Domicile Address 803.05(b) - Email Address 803.06 - Applicant May Not Be Changed 804 - Verification and Signature 804.01 - Form and Wording of Verification in §1 or §44 Application 804.01(a) - Verification with Oath 804.01(a)(i) - Verification Made in Foreign Country 804.01(b) - Declaration in Lieu of Oath 804.02 - Averments Required in Verification of Application for Registration - §1 or §44 Application 804.03 - Time Between Execution and Filing of Documents - §1 or §44 Application 804.04 - Persons Authorized to Sign Verification or Declaration 804.05 - Verification of §66(a) Application 805 - Identification and Classification of Goods and Services 806 - Filing Basis 806.01 - Requirements for Establishing a Basis 806.01(a) - Use in Commerce - §1(a) 806.01(b) - Intent-to-Use - §1(b) 806.01(c) - Foreign Priority - §44(d) 806.01(d) - Foreign Registration - §44(e) 806.01(e) - Extension of Protection of International Registration - §66(a) 806.02 - Multiple Bases 806.02(a) - Procedure for Asserting More Than One Basis 806.02(b) - Applicant May File Under Both §1(a) and §1(b) in the Same Application 806.02(c) - Examination of Specimens of Use in a Multiple-Basis Application 806.02(d) - Abandonment of Multiple-Basis Applications 806.02(d)(i) - Abandonment for Failure to Respond to an Office Action 806.02(d)(ii) - Abandonment for Failure to Respond to a Notice of Allowance 806.02(e) - Allegation of Bona Fide Intention to Use Mark in Commerce Required Even if Application Is Based on Both §44 and §1(a) 806.02(f) - Section 44(d) Combined With Other Bases 806.02(g) - Not Necessary to Repeat Allegation of Bona Fide Intention to Use Mark in Commerce in Multiple-Basis Application 806.03 - Amendments to Add or Substitute a Basis 806.03(a) - When Basis Can be Changed 806.03(b) - Applicant May Add or Substitute a §44(d) Basis Only Within Six-Month Priority Period 806.03(c) - Amendment From §1(a) to §1(b) 806.03(d) - Amendment From §44 to §1(b) 806.03(e) - Allegation of Use Required to Amend From §1(b) to §1(a) 806.03(f) - Use in Commerce as of Application Filing Date Required to Add or Substitute §1(a) as a Basis in §44 Application 806.03(g) - Amendment From §1(b) to §44 806.03(h) - Effect of Substitution of Basis on Application Filing Date 806.03(i) - Verification of Amendment Required 806.03(j) - Petition to Amend Basis After Publication - §1 or §44 Application 806.03(j)(i) - Amending the Basis of a §1(b) Application After Publication But Before Issuance of Notice of Allowance 806.03(j)(ii) - Amending the Basis of a §1(b) Application Between Issuance of Notice of Allowance and Filing of Statement of Use 806.03(j)(iii) - Amending the Basis of a §1(b) Application After Filing of Statement of Use But Before Approval for Registration 806.03(k) - Basis May Not Be Changed in §66(a) Application 806.03(l) - §66(a) Basis May Not Be Added to §1 or §44 Application 806.04 - Deleting a Basis 806.04(a) - Deletion of §1(b) Basis After Publication or Issuance of the Notice of Allowance 806.04(b) - Retention of §44(d) Priority Filing Date Without Perfecting §44(e) Basis 806.05 - Review of Basis Prior to Publication or Issue 807 - Drawing 807.01 - Drawing Must Show Only One Mark 807.02 - Drawing Must Be Limited to Mark 807.03 - Standard Character Drawings 807.03(a) - Requirements for Standard Character Drawings 807.03(b) - List of Standard Characters 807.03(c) - Drawings Containing Both a Standard Character Claim and Designs or Other Elements 807.03(d) - Changing From Special Form Elements to Standard Characters, or the Reverse, May be a Material Alteration 807.03(e) - Standard Character Drawing and Specimen of Use 807.03(f) - Standard Character Drawing and Foreign Registration 807.03(g) - Drawings in “Typed” Format With No Standard Character Claim 807.03(h) - Drawings Where the Format Is Unclear 807.03(i) - Typed Drawings 807.04 - Special Form Drawings 807.04(a) - Characteristics of Special Form Drawings 807.04(b) - When Special Form Drawing Is Required 807.05 - Drawings in TEAS 807.05(a) - Standard Character Drawings in TEAS 807.05(a)(i) - Long Standard Character Marks in TEAS 807.05(b) - Special Form Drawings in TEAS 807.05(c) - Requirements for Digitized Images 807.06 - Paper Drawings 807.06(a) - Type of Paper and Size of Mark 807.06(b) - Long Marks in Standard Character Drawings 807.07 - Color in the Mark 807.07(a) - Requirements for Color Drawings 807.07(a)(i) - Color Must Be Claimed as a Feature of the Mark 807.07(a)(ii) - Applicant Must Specify the Location of the Colors Claimed 807.07(b) - Color Drawings Filed Without a Color Claim 807.07(c) - Color Drawings Filed With an Incorrect Color Claim 807.07(d) - Color Drawings that Contain Black, White, or Gray 807.07(d)(i) - Applications Under §1 807.07(d)(ii) - Applications Under §44 807.07(d)(iii) - Applications Under §66(a) 807.07(e) - Black-and-White Drawings and Color Claims 807.07(f) - Black-and-White Drawings that Contain Gray or Black-and-White Drawings with a Mark Description that Refers to Black, White, or Gray 807.07(f)(i) - TEAS Standard, TEAS Plus, and §66(a) Applications 807.07(f)(ii) - Applications Filed on Paper 807.07(g) - Drawings in Applications Filed Before November 2, 2003 807.08 - Broken Lines to Show Placement 807.09 - “Drawing” of Sound, Scent, or Non-Visual Mark 807.10 - Three-Dimensional Marks 807.11 - Marks with Motion 807.12 - Mark on Drawing Must Agree with Mark on Specimen or Foreign Registration 807.12(a) - Applications Under §1 of the Trademark Act 807.12(a)(i) - Role of Punctuation in Determining Whether Mark on Drawing Agrees with Mark on Specimen 807.12(a)(ii) - Punctuation on the Drawing but Not on the Specimen 807.12(a)(iii) - Punctuation on the Specimen but Not on the Drawing 807.12(b) - Applications Under §44 of the Trademark Act 807.12(c) - Applications Under §66(a) of the Trademark Act 807.12(d) - Mutilation or Incomplete Representation of Mark 807.12(e) - Compound Word Marks and Telescoped Marks 807.13 - Amendment of Mark 807.13(a) - Amendment of Mark in Applications Under §1 and §44 807.13(b) - Mark in §66(a) Application Cannot be Amended 807.14 - Material Alteration of Mark 807.14(a) - Removal or Deletion of Matter from Drawing 807.14(b) - Addition or Deletion of Previously Registered Matter 807.14(c) - Addition or Deletion of Punctuation 807.14(d) - Amendments to Correct “Internal Inconsistencies” 807.14(e) - Amendments to Color Features of Marks 807.14(e)(i) - Black-and-White Drawings 807.14(e)(ii) - Marks that Include Color and Other Elements 807.14(e)(iii) - Color Marks 807.14(f) - Material Alteration: Case References 807.15 - Substitute Drawings 807.16 - Amendment of Drawings by the USPTO 807.17 - Procedures for Processing Unacceptable Amendments to Drawings 807.18 - Mark Drawing Code 808 - Description of Mark 808.01 - Guidelines for Requiring Description 808.01(a) - Meaning of Term in Mark 808.01(b) - Lining and Stippling Statements for Drawings 808.02 - Description Must Be Accurate and Concise 808.03 - Examination Procedure for Descriptions 808.03(a) - Accurate and Complete Descriptions 808.03(b) - No Description in Application 808.03(c) - Accurate but Incomplete Description in Application or Amendment 808.03(c)(i) - Accurate but Incomplete Descriptions in Cases Where a Description Is Needed to Clarify the Mark and Must Be Published 808.03(c)(ii) - Accurate but Incomplete Descriptions in Cases Where a Description Need Not Be Published 808.03(d) - Inaccurate Description in Application or Amendment 808.03(e) - Amending Descriptions 808.03(f) - Updating Design Coding 808.03(g) - Unacceptable Statements in Mark Descriptions 809 - Translation and Transliteration of Non-English Wording in Mark 809.01 - Examining Applications for Marks Comprising Non-English Wording that Do Not Include an Accurate Translation or Transliteration 809.01(a) - Inquiry/Applicant’s Response Regarding Meaning in a Foreign Language 809.01(b) - Limited Exceptions to Rules for Translations 809.01(b)(i) - Foreign Terms Appearing in English Dictionary 809.01(b)(ii) - Foreign Articles or Prepositions Combined with English Terms 809.01(b)(iii) - Words from Dead or Obscure Languages 809.02 - Equivalency in Translation 809.03 - Printing of Translations and Transliterations 810 - Filing Fee 810.01 - Collection of Fees for Multiple Classes 810.02 - Refunds 811 - Attorney Identification Information and Designation of Domestic Representative 811.01 - Attorney Identification Information Required for Complete Application 811.02 - Designation of a Domestic Representative 812 - Identification of Prior Registrations of Applicant 812.01 - Proving Ownership of Prior Registrations 813 - Consent to Register by Particular Living Individual Whose Name or Likeness Appears in the Mark 813.01 - Statement Published in Trademark Official Gazette and Included on Registration Certificate 813.01(a) - Name or Likeness Is that of a Living Individual 813.01(b) - Name or Likeness Is Not that of a Living Individual 813.01(c) - Updating the Trademark Database 814 - Requesting Additional Information 815 - Application Filed on Supplemental Register 815.01 - Marks Eligible for Principal Register Not Registrable on Supplemental Register 815.02 - Elements Required 815.03 - Filing on Supplemental Register Is Not an Admission that the Mark Has Not Acquired Distinctiveness 815.04 - Basis for Refusal of Registration of Matter that Is Incapable 816 - Amending Application to Supplemental Register 816.01 - How to Amend 816.02 - Effective Filing Date 816.03 - Amendment to Different Register 816.04 - Amendment After Refusal 816.05 - Amendment After Decision on Appeal 817 - Preparation of Application for Publication or Registration 818 - Application Checklist (§1 and §44) 819 - TEAS Plus Application 819.01 - TEAS Plus Application Filing Requirements 819.01(a) - Type of Mark 819.01(b) - Applicant’s Name and Domicile Address 819.01(c) - Applicant’s Legal Entity and Citizenship 819.01(d) - Qualified U.S. Attorney Required for Applicant with Foreign Domicile 819.01(e) - Email Address 819.01(f) - Basis or Bases for Filing 819.01(f)(i) - Section 1(a) - Use in Commerce 819.01(f)(ii) - Section 1(b) - Intent to Use 819.01(f)(iii) - Section 44(e) - Foreign Registration 819.01(f)(iv) - Section 44(d) - Foreign Application 819.01(g) - Identification and Classification of Goods/Services 819.01(h) - Filing Fee 819.01(i) - Drawing 819.01(j) - Color Claim 819.01(k) - Description of the Mark 819.01(l) - Verification 819.01(m) - Translation and/or Transliteration 819.01(n) - Multiple-Class Applications 819.01(o) - Consent to Registration of Name or Portrait 819.01(p) - Prior Registration of the Same Mark 819.01(q) - Concurrent Use Applications 819.02 - Adding a Class During Examination 819.03 - Procedures for Payment of Additional Processing Fee Per Class 0900 - Use in Commerce 901 - Use in Commerce 901.01 - Definitions 901.02 - Bona Fide Use in the Ordinary Course of Trade 901.03 - Commerce That May Be Lawfully Regulated By Congress 901.04 - Inquiry Regarding Use in Commerce 902 - Allegations of Use for §1(b) Applications 903 - Dates of Use 903.01 - Date of First Use Anywhere 903.02 - Date of First Use in Commerce 903.03 - Relation Between the Two Dates of Use 903.04 - Amending Dates of Use 903.05 - First Use by Predecessor or Related Company 903.06 - Indefinite Dates of Use 903.06(a) - Apparent Discrepancies Between Dates of Use and Date of Execution 903.07 - Dates of Use in Another Form 903.08 - More than One Item of Goods or Services 904 - Specimens 904.01 - Number of Specimens 904.01(a) - More than One Item Specified in a Class 904.01(b) - Combined or Multiple-Class Applications 904.02 - Physical Form of Specimens 904.02(a) - Electronically Filed Specimens 904.02(b) - Permitted Paper-Filed Specimens 904.02(c) - Additional Requirements 904.02(c)(i) - Other Materials Required for Examination 904.02(c)(ii) - Specimens for Marks Comprising Color 904.02(c)(iii) - Specimens for Marks Used on Publications 904.03 - Material Appropriate as Specimens for Trademarks 904.03(a) - Labels and Tags 904.03(b) - Stampings 904.03(c) - Commercial Packaging 904.03(d) - Electronic and Digital Media Specimens for Permitted Paper Filings 904.03(e) - Specimens for Trademarks Identifying Downloadable or Recorded Computer Programs, Movies, and Videos, or Audio Recordings 904.03(f) - Specimens for Sound Marks 904.03(g) - Displays Associated with Goods 904.03(h) - Catalogs 904.03(i) - Electronic Displays 904.03(i)(A) - Picture or Description of the Goods 904.03(i)(B) - Show the Mark in Direct Association with the Goods 904.03(i)(B)(1) - Prominence of Mark 904.03(i)(B)(2) - Placement of Mark and Proximity to the Goods 904.03(i)(C) - Ordering Information 904.03(i)(C)(1) - “Shopping Cart” and “Shopping Bag” Buttons and Links 904.03(i)(C)(2) - Telephone Numbers and Email Addresses 904.03(i)(C)(3) - “Contact Us,” “Customize,” or “Configure” Buttons and Links 904.03(i)(D) - Beta Websites 904.03(j) - Manuals 904.03(k) - Specimens for Marks that are Impracticable to Place on Goods, Packaging, or Displays 904.03(l) - Specimens for Motion Marks 904.03(m) - Specimens for Scent and Flavor Marks or Similar Non-traditional Marks 904.04 - Material Not Appropriate as Specimens 904.04(a) - Drawing or Image of the Mark; Digitally Created/Altered or Mockup Specimens 904.04(a)(i) - Defining Digitally Created/Altered or Mockup Specimens 904.04(a)(ii) - Identifying Digitally Created/Altered or Mockup Specimens 904.04(a)(iii) - General Examination Considerations for Digitally Created/Altered or Mockup Specimens 904.04(b) - Advertising Material as Specimens for Goods 904.04(c) - Package Inserts as Specimens for Goods 904.05 - Affidavit Supporting Substitute Specimens 904.06 - Translation of Matter on Specimens 904.07 - Requirements for Substitute Specimens and Statutory Refusals 904.07(a) - Whether the Specimen Shows the Mark as Actually Used in Commerce 904.07(a)(i) - Action After Submission of Substitute Specimen 904.07(b) - Whether the Specimen Shows the Applied-for Mark Functioning as a Mark 904.07(b)(i) - Action After Submission of Substitute Specimen 905 - Method of Use 906 - Federal Registration Notice 906.01 - Foreign Countries That Use Registration Symbol ® 906.02 - Improper Use of Registration Symbol 906.03 - Informing Applicant of Apparent Improper Use 906.04 - Fraud 907 - Compliance with Other Statutes 1000 - Applications Under Section 44 1001 - Section 44 Applications - General 1002 - Eligible Applicants Under §44 1002.01 - Eligible Applicants Under §44(e) 1002.02 - Eligible Applicants Under §44(d) 1002.03 - Establishing Entitlement Under a Treaty 1002.04 - Establishing Country of Origin 1002.05 - U.S. Applicants 1003 - Section 44(d) - Priority Filing Date Based on a Foreign Application 1003.01 - The “First-Filed” Requirement 1003.02 - Priority Claim Must Be Filed Within Six Months of Foreign Filing 1003.03 - Basis for Registration Required 1003.04 - Suspension Awaiting a Foreign Registration 1003.04(a) - Applications Based Solely on Section 44 1003.04(b) - Multiple-Basis Applications 1003.04(c) - Periodic Inquiries Issued as to Status of Foreign Application 1003.05 - Section 44(d) and Priority for Publication 1003.06 - Applicants May File Under both §44(d) and §44(e) 1003.07 - Application May Be Based on More than One Foreign Application 1003.08 - Abandonment of the Foreign Application 1004 - Applications Based on Foreign Registrations Under §44(e) 1004.01 - Copy of Foreign Registration Required 1004.01(a) - Status of the Foreign Registration 1004.01(b) - Translation of the Foreign Registration or Renewal Document 1004.02 - Application May Be Based on More than One Foreign Registration 1005 - Ownership of the Foreign Application or Registration 1006 - Assignment of §44 Applications 1007 - Standards for Registration Under Section 44 1008 - Bona Fide Intention to Use the Mark in Commerce 1009 - Allegation of Use and Specimen of Use Not Required Prior to Registration 1010 - Proof of Acquired Distinctiveness in §44 Applications 1011 - Drawings 1011.01 - Substantially Exact Representation of Mark in Foreign Registration 1011.02 - One Mark Per Application 1011.03 - Amendment of Drawing 1011.04 - Drawings and Descriptions of Three-Dimensional, Multimedia and Non-Visual Marks 1012 - Identification of Goods and Services 1013 - Requirement for Representation of Applicants Not Domiciled in the United States 1014 - Section 44 Applications and the Supplemental Register 1015 - Section 44 Registration Independent of Underlying Foreign Registration 1016 - International Registration As Basis for Section 44 Application 1100 - Intent-to-Use Applications and Requests to Divide 1101 - Bona Fide Intention to Use the Mark in Commerce 1102 - Initial Examination of Intent-to-Use Applications 1102.01 - Substantive Refusals 1102.02 - Drawings 1102.03 - Intent-to-Use Applications and the Supplemental Register 1102.04 - Claims of Acquired Distinctiveness under §2(f) 1103 - Allegations of Use 1104 - Amendment to Allege Use Under §1(c) of the Act 1104.01 - Minimum Filing Requirements for an Amendment to Allege Use 1104.01(a) - Review by Legal Instruments Examiner for Compliance with Minimum Filing Requirements 1104.01(b) - Processing an Amendment to Allege Use that Does Not Meet Minimum Filing Requirements 1104.01(c) - Processing Defective Amendment to Allege Use Filed with Other Amendments 1104.02 - Form of Amendment to Allege Use 1104.03 - Time for Filing Amendment to Allege Use 1104.03(a) - Use on All Goods/Services Required Before Filing 1104.03(b) - The “Blackout Period” 1104.03(c) - Processing Amendment to Allege Use Filed During the Blackout Period 1104.04 - Processing Timely Amendment to Allege Use Discovered After Publication 1104.05 - Amendment to Allege Use Filed in Conjunction with Application 1104.06 - Processing Amendment to Allege Use Received Before Application Is Assigned to an Examining Attorney 1104.07 - Amendments to Allege Use and Ex Parte Appeals 1104.08 - Requirements for a Complete Amendment to Allege Use 1104.09 - Acceptance of Amendment to Allege Use that Meets Minimum Filing Requirements by Examining Attorney 1104.10 - Examination of Amendment to Allege Use on the Merits for Compliance with Statutory Requirements 1104.10(a) - Issuance of Office Action Related to Amendment to Allege Use 1104.10(b) - Common Examination Issues Related to Amendments to Allege Use 1104.10(b)(i) - Ownership 1104.10(b)(ii) - Verification and Date of Execution 1104.10(b)(iii) - Identification of Goods/Services 1104.10(b)(iii)(A) - Identification of Nature of Collective Membership Organization 1104.10(b)(iv) - Use in Commerce and Dates of Use 1104.10(b)(v) - Specimen 1104.10(b)(vi) - Drawing 1104.10(b)(vii) - Fees 1104.11 - Amendment and Withdrawal of Amendment to Allege Use 1105 - Publication of Intent-to-Use Applications for Opposition 1106 - Notice of Allowance 1106.01 - Issuance of the Notice of Allowance 1106.02 - Action by Examining Attorney After Issuance of the Notice of Allowance 1106.03 - Cancellation of Notice of Allowance 1106.04 - Correction of Errors in Notice of Allowance 1107 - Amendment After Issuance of the Notice of Allowance and Before Filing of the Statement of Use 1107.01 - Examination of Amendment Filed After the Notice of Allowance Issues but Before a Statement of Use Is Filed 1108 - Requests for Extensions of Time to File the Statement of Use 1108.01 - Time for Filing Requests for Extensions of Time to File the Statement of Use 1108.02 - Requirements for Request for an Extension of Time to File a Statement of Use 1108.02(a) - Ownership 1108.02(b) - Verification and Date of Execution 1108.02(c) - Fees 1108.02(d) - Identification of Goods/Services 1108.02(d)(1) - Identification of Collective Membership Organization 1108.02(e) - Bona Fide Intention to Use the Mark in Commerce 1108.02(f) - Good Cause Required for Extensions Beyond the First Six-month Extension –Trademarks and Service Marks 1108.02(g) - Good Cause Required for Extensions Beyond the First Six-month Extension – Collective Marks 1108.02(h) - Good Cause Required for Extensions Beyond the First Six-month Extension – Certification Marks 1108.03 - Only One Extension Request May Be Filed with or After a Statement of Use – “Insurance” Extension Request 1108.03(a) - Processing Extension Request Filed After Statement of Use Has Been Referred to Examining Attorney 1108.04 - Recourse After Denial of Extension Request 1108.05 - Petitions from Denial of Request for an Extension of Time to File a Statement of Use 1109 - Statement of Use Under §1(d) of the Trademark Act 1109.01 - Minimum Filing Requirements for a Statement of Use 1109.02 - Review for Compliance with Minimum Filing Requirements 1109.02(a) - Petition to Review Refusal Based on Noncompliance with Minimum Filing Requirements 1109.03 - Use on All Goods/Services Required Before Filing 1109.04 - Time for Filing Statement of Use 1109.05 - Form of Statement of Use 1109.06 - Requirements for a Complete Statement of Use 1109.07 - Examination of the Statement of Use — In General 1109.08 - Examination of the Statement of Use – New Requirements and Refusals 1109.09 - Use in Commerce 1109.09(a) - Dates of Use 1109.09(b) - Specimens 1109.10 - Ownership 1109.11 - Verification and Execution 1109.11(a) - Authority of Signatory 1109.11(b) - Verification of Essential Elements 1109.11(c) - Date of Execution 1109.11(d) - Signature of Electronically Transmitted Statement of Use 1109.12 - Drawing 1109.13 - Identification of Goods/Services in Statement of Use 1109.14 - Classification 1109.15 - Fees 1109.15(a) - Processing Deficient Fees 1109.16 - Correcting Defects in Statement of Use 1109.16(a) - Statutory Requirements that Must Be Met Within Statutory Filing Period 1109.16(b) - Issuance of Examining Attorney’s Office Action Holding that a Statement of Use Does Not Meet the Statutory Requirements 1109.16(c) - Requesting an Extension of Time to File a Statement of Use for the Purpose of Compliance with Statutory Filing Requirements 1109.16(d) - Timely Response to Office Action Required Regardless of Expiration Date of Period for Filing the Statement of Use 1109.16(e) - Applicant’s Recourse After Refusal of Registration 1109.17 - Withdrawal of the Statement of Use Prohibited 1109.18 - Approval of the Statement of Use 1110 - Request to Divide an Application 1110.01 - Application May Be Divided 1110.02 - Fees for Filing Request to Divide 1110.03 - Time for Filing Request to Divide 1110.04 - Form and Processing of Request to Divide 1110.05 - Outstanding Time Periods Apply to Newly Created Applications 1110.06 - Signature of Request to Divide 1110.07 - Dividing an Application when Statement of Use Is Due 1110.08 - Dividing an Application when Response to Office Action Is Due 1110.09 - Dividing an Application Subject to a Proceeding at Trademark Trial and Appeal Board 1110.10 - Dividing a §44 Application 1110.11 - Dividing a §66(a) Application 1110.11(a) - Dividing a §66(a) Application After Change of Ownership with Respect to Some but Not All of the Goods/Services 1110.12 - Division of Registrations 1200 - Substantive Examination of Applications 1201 - Ownership of Mark 1201.01 - Claim of Ownership May Be Based on Use By Related Companies 1201.02 - Identifying the Applicant in the Application 1201.02(a) - Identifying the Applicant Properly 1201.02(b) - Application Void if Wrong Party Identified as the Applicant 1201.02(c) - Correcting Errors in How the Applicant Is Identified 1201.02(d) - Operating Divisions 1201.02(e) - Changes in Ownership After Application Is Filed 1201.03 - Use by Related Companies 1201.03(a) - No Explanation of Use of Mark by Related Companies or Applicant’s Control Over Use of Mark by Related Companies Required 1201.03(b) - Wholly Owned Related Companies 1201.03(c) - Common Stockholders, Directors, or Officers 1201.03(d) - Sister Corporations 1201.03(e) - License and Franchise Situations 1201.04 - Inquiry Regarding Parties Named on Specimens or Elsewhere in Record 1201.05 - Acceptable Claim of Ownership Based on Applicant’s Own Use 1201.06 - Special Situations Pertaining to Ownership 1201.06(a) - Applicant Is Merely Distributor or Importer 1201.06(b) - Goods Manufactured in a Country Other than Where Applicant Is Located 1201.06(c) - Applicant Using Designation of a U.S. Government Agency or Instrumentality 1201.07 - Related Companies and Likelihood of Confusion 1201.07(a) - “Single Source” – “Unity of Control” 1201.07(b) - Appropriate Action with Respect to Assertion of Unity of Control 1201.07(b)(i) - When Either Applicant or Registrant Owns All of the Other Entity 1201.07(b)(ii) - Joint Ownership or Ownership of Substantially All of the Other Entity 1201.07(b)(iii) - When the Record Does Not Support a Presumption of Unity of Control 1201.07(b)(iv) - When the Record Contradicts an Assertion of Unity of Control 1202 - Use of Subject Matter as Trademark 1202.01 - Refusal of Matter Used Solely as a Trade Name 1202.02 - Registration of Trade Dress 1202.02(a) - Functionality of Trade Dress 1202.02(a)(i) - Statutory Basis for Functionality Refusal 1202.02(a)(ii) - Purpose of Functionality Doctrine 1202.02(a)(iii) - Background and Definitions 1202.02(a)(iii)(A) - Functionality 1202.02(a)(iii)(B) - “De Jure” and “De Facto” Functionality 1202.02(a)(iv) - Burden of Proof in Functionality Determinations 1202.02(a)(v) - Evidence and Considerations Regarding Functionality Determinations 1202.02(a)(v)(A) - Utility Patents and Design Patents 1202.02(a)(v)(B) - Advertising, Promotional, or Explanatory Material in Functionality Determinations 1202.02(a)(v)(C) - Availability of Alternative Designs in Functionality Determinations 1202.02(a)(v)(D) - Ease or Economy of Manufacture in Functionality Determinations 1202.02(a)(vi) - Aesthetic Functionality 1202.02(a)(vii) - Functionality and Service Marks 1202.02(a)(viii) - Functionality and Non-Traditional Marks 1202.02(b) - Distinctiveness of Trade Dress 1202.02(b)(i) - Distinctiveness and Product Design Trade Dress 1202.02(b)(ii) - Distinctiveness and Product Packaging Trade Dress 1202.02(c) - Drawings, Descriptions, and Disclaimers in Trade Dress Applications 1202.02(c)(i) - Drawings of Trade Dress Marks 1202.02(c)(i)(A) - Functional Matter 1202.02(c)(i)(B) - Nondistinctive Matter 1202.02(c)(i)(C) - Drawings in §44 and §66(a) Applications 1202.02(c)(ii) - Descriptions of Trade Dress Marks Required 1202.02(c)(iii) - Disclaimers of Unregistrable Elements of Trade Dress Marks 1202.02(c)(iii)(A) - Functional Matter 1202.02(c)(iii)(B) - Nondistinctive Matter 1202.02(c)(iv) - Three-Dimensional Marks 1202.02(d) - Trade Dress in §1(b) Applications 1202.02(e) - Trade Dress in §44 and §66(a) Applications 1202.02(f) - Identification of Goods/Services in Trade Dress Applications 1202.02(f)(i) - Product Design 1202.02(f)(ii) - Product Packaging 1202.03 - Refusal on Basis of Ornamentation 1202.03(a) - Commercial Impression 1202.03(b) - Practices of the Trade 1202.03(c) - “Secondary Source” 1202.03(d) - Evidence of Distinctiveness 1202.03(e) - Ornamentation with Respect to §1(b), §44, and §66(a) Applications 1202.03(f) - Ornamentation: Case References 1202.03(f)(i) - Slogans or Words Used on the Goods 1202.03(f)(ii) - Designs Used on the Goods 1202.03(f)(iii) - Trade Dress on the Containers for the Goods 1202.03(g) - Ornamentation Cases and Acquired Distinctiveness 1202.04 - Informational Matter 1202.04(a) - General Information About the Goods or Services 1202.04(b) - Widely Used Messages 1202.04(c) - Matter from Religious Texts 1202.04(d) - Response Options 1202.05 - Color as a Mark 1202.05(a) - Color Marks Never Inherently Distinctive 1202.05(b) - Functional Color Marks Not Registrable 1202.05(c) - Color as a Separable Element 1202.05(d) - Drawings of Color Marks Required 1202.05(d)(i) - Drawings of Color Marks in Trademark Applications 1202.05(d)(ii) - Drawings of Color Marks in Service Mark Applications 1202.05(d)(iii) - Amendment of Drawings of Color Marks 1202.05(d)(iv) - Drawings for Marks Including Both Color and Words or Design 1202.05(e) - Written Descriptions of Color Marks 1202.05(f) - Specimens for Color Marks 1202.05(g) - Special Considerations for Service Mark Applications 1202.05(h) - Color Marks in §1(b) Applications 1202.05(i) - Color Marks in §44 or §66(a) Applications 1202.06 - Goods in Trade 1202.06(a) - Goods Must Have Utility to Others 1202.06(b) - Registration Must Be Refused if Trademark Not Used on Goods in Trade 1202.06(c) - Goods in Trade in §1(b), §44, and §66(a) Applications 1202.07 - Marks That Identify Columns, Sections, and Supplements of Publications 1202.07(a) - Marks That Identify Columns, Sections, and Supplements of Printed, Downloadable, or Recorded Publications in §1(a) Applications 1202.07(a)(i) - Syndicated Columns and Sections in §1(a) Applications 1202.07(a)(ii) - Non-Syndicated Columns and Sections in §1(a) Applications 1202.07(a)(iii) - Marks That Identify Columns and Sections of Printed, Downloadable, or Recorded Publications in §1(b), §44, and §66(a) Applications 1202.07(b) - Marks That Identify Columns and Sections of Online Publications 1202.08 - Title of a Single Creative Work 1202.08(a) - What Constitutes a Single Creative Work 1202.08(b) - What Does Not Constitute a Single Creative Work 1202.08(c) - Complete Title of the Work – Evidence of a Series 1202.08(d) - Portion of a Title of the Work 1202.08(d)(i) - Mark Must Create a Separate Commercial Impression 1202.08(d)(ii) - Establishing a Series When the Mark is a Portion of the Title 1202.08(d)(iii) - Evidence that the Portion of the Title is Promoted or Recognized as a Mark 1202.08(e) - Identification of Goods/Services 1202.08(f) - Title of a Single Work in §1(b), §44, and §66(a) Applications 1202.09 - Names of Artists and Authors 1202.09(a) - Names and Pseudonyms of Authors and Performing Artists 1202.09(a)(i) - Author or Performer’s Name – Evidence of a Series 1202.09(a)(ii) - Evidence that the Name is a Source Identifier 1202.09(a)(ii)(A) - Promotion and Recognition of the Name 1202.09(a)(ii)(B) - Control over the Nature and Quality of the Goods 1202.09(a)(iii) - Names of Authors and Performing Artists in §1(b), §44, and §66(a) Applications 1202.09(b) - Names of Artists Used on Original Works of Art 1202.10 - Characters in Creative Works 1202.10(a) - Characters in Creative Works in §1(b), §44, or §66(a) Applications 1202.11 - Background Designs and Shapes 1202.12 - Varietal and Cultivar Names (Examination of Applications for Seeds and Plants) 1202.13 - Scent, Fragrance, or Flavor 1202.14 - Holograms 1202.15 - Sound Marks 1202.16 - Model or Grade Designations 1202.16(a) - Examination of Marks with Model and Grade Designations 1202.16(b) - Identifying Model and Grade Designations in Marks 1202.16(b)(i) - Model Designations 1202.16(b)(i)(A) - Stylization of Display 1202.16(b)(i)(B) - Size of Proposed Mark 1202.16(b)(i)(C) - Physical Location 1202.16(b)(ii) - Grade Designations 1202.16(c) - Procedures for Handling Marks with Model and Grade Designations 1202.16(c)(i) - Evidentiary Considerations when Issuing Model or Grade Designation Refusals 1202.16(c)(i)(A) - Model Designations 1202.16(c)(i)(B) - Grade Designations 1202.16(c)(ii) - Entire Mark Consists of Model or Grade Designation in §1(a) Applications 1202.16(c)(iii) - Composite Mark with Model or Grade Designation in §1(a) Applications 1202.16(c)(iii)(A) - Model or Grade Designations with Arbitrary and/or Suggestive Matter 1202.16(c)(iii)(B) - Model or Grade Designations with Descriptive, Generic, and/or Informational Matter 1202.16(c)(iv) - Drawing and Specimen Agreement Issues in §1(a) Applications 1202.16(c)(v) - Model or Grade Designation in §1(b), §44, or §66(a) Applications 1202.16(c)(v)(A) - Model Designations 1202.16(c)(v)(B) - Grade Designations 1202.17 - Universal Symbols in Marks 1202.17(a) - Relevance of Universal Symbols to Examination 1202.17(b) - Reviewing Marks Containing Symbols 1202.17(b)(i) - Identifying Universal Symbols in Marks 1202.17(b)(ii) - Marks Displaying an Unusual Depiction of a Universal Symbol 1202.17(b)(iii) - Marks Displaying an Accurate Depiction of a Universal Symbol 1202.17(c) - Failure to Function 1202.17(c)(i) - Determining Whether a Universal Symbol Functions as a Source Indicator 1202.17(c)(i)(A) - Informational Universal Symbols 1202.17(c)(i)(B) - Ornamental Universal Symbols 1202.17(c)(ii) - Mark Consists Entirely of a Universal Symbol that Fails to Function 1202.17(c)(ii)(A) - Applications Based on Sections 1(b), 44, or 66(a) 1202.17(c)(ii)(B) - Applicant’s Response to Refusal 1202.17(c)(iii) - Mark Includes a Universal Symbol that Fails to Function 1202.17(d) - Other Relevant Refusals 1202.17(d)(i) - Merely Descriptive 1202.17(d)(ii) - Deceptive or Deceptively Misdescriptive 1202.17(e) - Universal Symbols Commonly Appearing in Marks 1202.17(e)(i) - Awareness Ribbon Symbols 1202.17(e)(ii) - Recycling Symbol 1202.17(e)(iii) - Caduceus, Rod of Asclepius, and Prescription Symbol 1202.17(e)(iv) - Religious Symbols 1202.17(e)(v) - Currency Symbols 1202.17(e)(vi) - Universal Prohibition Symbol 1202.18 - Hashtag Marks 1202.18(a) - Disclaiming HASHTAG or Hash Symbol 1202.18(b) - Marks Consisting Solely of HASHTAG or Hash Symbol 1202.19 - Repeating-Pattern Marks 1202.19(a) - Drawing Requirements for Repeating-Pattern Marks 1202.19(a)(i) - Mark Used on a Single Item 1202.19(a)(ii) - Mark Used in a Similar Manner on Similar Items 1202.19(a)(iii) - Mark Used in Various Ways or on Various Items ─ Swatch-Type Drawings 1202.19(a)(iv) - Drawings for Service Marks 1202.19(b) - Mark Descriptions for Repeating-Pattern Marks 1202.19(c) - Material Alteration of Repeating-Pattern Marks 1202.19(c)(i) - Amending the Drawing to Depict a Different Object 1202.19(c)(ii) - Amending a Swatch-Type Drawing to Show an Object and Vice Versa 1202.19(c)(iii) - Amending the Drawing to Depict a Different Placement of the Repeating Pattern 1202.19(c)(iv) - Amending Descriptions of Repeating-Pattern Marks 1202.19(c)(v) - Amendments in Applications Based on Section 44 or Section 66(a) 1202.19(d) - Specimens for Repeating-Pattern Marks 1202.19(e) - Failure-to-Function Refusal – Mark Not Inherently Distinctive 1202.19(e)(i) - Inherent Distinctiveness Determination 1202.19(e)(i)(A) - Common or Widely Used Pattern 1202.19(e)(i)(B) - Pattern Creates a Distinct Commercial Impression Apart from Other Matter 1202.19(e)(i)(C) - Nature of Elements in the Repeating Pattern 1202.19(e)(i)(D) - Industry Practice 1202.19(e)(i)(E) - Type of Product 1202.19(e)(ii) - Statutory Basis for Refusal 1202.19(e)(iii) - Response Options 1202.19(f) - Failure-to-Function Refusal – Inconsistent Goods or Services 1202.19(f)(i) - Statutory Basis for Refusal 1202.19(f)(ii) - Response Options 1202.19(g) - Refusal – Application Seeks Registration of More than One Mark 1202.19(g)(i) - Statutory Basis for Refusal 1202.19(g)(ii) - Response Options 1202.19(h) - Refusals in Applications Based on Section 1(b), Section 44, or Section 66(a) 1202.19(i) - Functional Repeating Patterns 1202.19(j) - Random Patterns 1202.19(k) - Examples of Repeating-Pattern Marks 1203 - Refusal on Basis of Deceptive Matter and Matter which May Falsely Suggest a Connection 1203.01 - Other Refusals Under 15 U.S.C. §1052(a) No Longer Valid 1203.02 - Deceptive Matter 1203.02(a) - Types of Deceptive Marks 1203.02(b) - Elements of a §2(a) Deceptiveness Refusal 1203.02(c) - Distinction Between Marks Comprising Deceptive Matter (§2(a)) and Deceptively Misdescriptive Marks (§2(e)(1)) 1203.02(d) - Determining Materiality 1203.02(d)(i) - Objective Criteria 1203.02(d)(ii) - Mere Personal Preference 1203.02(e) - Procedures for Issuing §2(a) Deceptive Refusals 1203.02(e)(i) - When the Mark is Clearly Misdescriptive 1203.02(e)(ii) - When It is Not Clear Whether the Mark is Misdescriptive 1203.02(f) - Responding to a §2(a) Deceptiveness Refusal 1203.02(f)(i) - Amending the Identification of Goods or Services 1203.02(f)(ii) - Other Arguments 1203.02(g) - Deceptive Matter: Case References 1203.03 - Matter That May Falsely Suggest a Connection 1203.03(a) - Definitions 1203.03(a)(i) - “Persons” 1203.03(a)(ii) - “Institutions” 1203.03(a)(iii) - “National Symbols” 1203.03(b) - False Suggestion of a Connection 1203.03(b)(i) - Elements of a §2(a) False Suggestion of a Connection Refusal 1203.03(b)(ii) - Government Agencies and Instrumentalities 1203.03(b)(iii) - False Suggestion of a Connection: Case References 1204 - Refusal on Basis of Flag, Coat of Arms, or Other Insignia of United States, State or Municipality, or Foreign Nation 1204.01 - Flags and Simulations of Flags 1204.01(a) - Flags and Simulations of Flags Are Refused 1204.01(b) - Stylized Flag Designs Are Not Refused Under §2(b) 1204.01(c) - Case Law Finding No Simulation of a Flag 1204.01(d) - Description of the Mark 1204.01(e) - Flags Not Presently Used as National Flags 1204.02 - Government Insignia 1204.02(a) - Designs that are Insignia Under §2(b) Must Be Refused 1204.02(b) - Examples of Insignia That Should Be Refused Under §2(b) 1204.02(c) - Examples of Designs That Should Not Be Refused Under §2(b) 1204.02(d) - Case Law Interpreting Insignia Under §2(b) 1204.03 - Other Refusals May be Appropriate 1204.04 - Responding to §2(b) Refusal 1204.04(a) - Absolute Bar to Registration 1204.04(b) - Deletion of §2(b) Matter 1204.04(b)(i) - Examples of Matter That May and May Not Be Deleted 1204.05 - Resources 1205 - Refusal on Basis of Matter Protected by Statute or Convention 1205.01 - Statutory Protection 1205.01(a) - Examination Procedures for Marks Comprising a Red Crystal or Red Crescent on a White Background, or the Phrases “Red Crescent” or “Third Protocol Emblem” 1205.01(a)(i) - First Use After December 8, 2005 1205.01(a)(ii) - First Use On or Before December 8, 2005 – Grandfather Clause 1205.01(a)(iii) - Date of First Use Not Specified 1205.01(a)(iv) - Applicable Refusals 1205.01(a)(v) - Amendments to Disclaim, Delete, or Amend the Unregistrable Symbol or Designation 1205.01(a)(vi) - Parties Authorized to use the Red Crescent and Third Protocol Emblem 1205.01(b) - Examination Procedures for Marks Comprising Matter Related to the United States Olympic Committee or the Olympics 1205.01(b)(i) - Nature of the Mark 1205.01(b)(ii) - Issuing Other Substantive Refusals 1205.01(b)(iii) - Amendments to Disclaim, Delete, or Amend the Unregistrable Wording or Symbol 1205.01(b)(iv) - Consent to Register 1205.01(b)(v) - First Use On or After September 21, 1950 1205.01(b)(vi) - First Use Before September 21, 1950 – Grandfather Clause 1205.01(b)(vii) - Date of First Use Not Specified 1205.01(b)(viii) - Geographic-Reference Exception 1205.01(c) - Examination Procedures for Marks Containing Greek Red Cross or the Phrases “Red Cross” or “Geneva Cross” 1205.01(c)(i) - Date of First Use is Before or After June 25, 1948 1205.01(c)(ii) - Date of First Use Not Specified 1205.01(c)(iii) - Applicable Refusals 1205.01(c)(iv) - Amendments to Disclaim, Delete, or Amend the Unregistrable Symbol or Designation 1205.01(d) - Examination Procedures for Marks Containing the Swiss Confederation Coat of Arms or Flag 1205.01(d)(i) - Refusal Under §2(b): Swiss Flag or Swiss Coat of Arms 1205.01(d)(i)(A) - When a Refusal Under §2(b) Must Be Issued 1205.01(d)(i)(B) - When an Advisory Should Be Provided 1205.01(d)(i)(C) - When a Refusal Under §2(b) Should Not Be Issued 1205.01(d)(i)(D) - Applicant’s Response to Refusal 1205.01(d)(ii) - Other Refusals 1205.01(d)(iii) - Examples 1205.02 - Article 6ter of the Paris Convention 1205.03 - Native American Tribal Insignia 1206 - Refusal on Basis of Name, Portrait, or Signature of Particular Living Individual or Deceased U.S. President Without Consent 1206.01 - Name, Portrait, or Signature of Particular Living Individual 1206.02 - Connection with Goods or Services 1206.03 - When Inquiry is Required 1206.04 - Consent of Individual or President’s Widow 1206.04(a) - Consent Statement Must Be Written Consent to Registration 1206.04(b) - Consent May Be Presumed From Signature of Application 1206.04(c) - New Consent Not Required if Consent is of Record in Valid Registration Owned by Applicant 1206.04(d) - Implicit Consent 1206.05 - Names and Likenesses That Do Not Identify a Particular Living Individual 1207 - Refusal on Basis of Likelihood of Confusion, Mistake, or Deception 1207.01 - Likelihood of Confusion 1207.01(a) - Relatedness of the Goods or Services 1207.01(a)(i) - Goods or Services Need Not Be Identical 1207.01(a)(ii) - Establishing Relatedness of Goods to Services 1207.01(a)(ii)(A) - Food and Beverage Products Versus Restaurant Services 1207.01(a)(iii) - Reliance on Identification of Goods/Services in Registration and Application 1207.01(a)(iv) - No “Per Se” Rule 1207.01(a)(v) - Expansion-of-Trade Doctrine 1207.01(a)(vi) - Evidence Showing Relatedness of Goods or Services 1207.01(b) - Similarity of the Marks 1207.01(b)(i) - Word Marks 1207.01(b)(ii) - Similarity In Appearance 1207.01(b)(iii) - Comparing Marks that Contain Additional Matter 1207.01(b)(iv) - Similarity in Sound – Phonetic Equivalents 1207.01(b)(v) - Similarity in Meaning 1207.01(b)(vi) - Doctrine of Foreign Equivalents 1207.01(b)(vi)(A) - Background 1207.01(b)(vi)(B) - When an Ordinary American Purchaser Would “Stop and Translate” 1207.01(b)(vi)(C) - Likelihood of Confusion Factors Still Apply When Assessing Whether Marks are Confusingly Similar 1207.01(b)(vii) - Transposition of Terms 1207.01(b)(viii) - Marks Consisting of Multiple Words 1207.01(b)(ix) - Weak or Descriptive Marks 1207.01(b)(x) - Parody Marks 1207.01(b)(xi) - Color Marks 1207.01(c) - Design Marks 1207.01(c)(i) - Legal Equivalents – Comparison of Words and Their Equivalent Designs 1207.01(c)(ii) - Composite Marks Consisting of Both Words and Designs 1207.01(c)(iii) - Comparison of Standard Character Marks and Special Form Marks 1207.01(c)(iv) - Matter Depicted in Broken Lines 1207.01(d) - Miscellaneous Considerations 1207.01(d)(i) - Doubt Resolved in Favor of Registrant 1207.01(d)(ii) - Absence of Actual Confusion 1207.01(d)(iii) - Third-Party Registrations and Evidence of Third-Party Use 1207.01(d)(iv) - Collateral Attack on Registration Improper in Ex Parte Proceeding 1207.01(d)(v) - Classification of Goods/Services 1207.01(d)(vi) - Prior Decisions of Examining Attorneys 1207.01(d)(vii) - Sophisticated Purchasers 1207.01(d)(viii) - Consent Agreements 1207.01(d)(ix) - Fame of the Prior Registered Mark 1207.01(d)(x) - Conflicting Marks Owned by Different Parties 1207.01(d)(xi) - Family of Marks 1207.01(d)(xii) - Pharmaceuticals or Medicinal Products 1207.02 - Marks That Are Likely to Deceive 1207.03 - Marks Previously Used in United States but Not Registered 1207.04 - Concurrent Use Registration 1207.04(a) - Concurrent Use – In General 1207.04(b) - Filing Basis of Application Seeking Concurrent Use Registration 1207.04(c) - Criteria for Requesting Concurrent Use Registration 1207.04(d) - Requirements for All Concurrent Use Applications 1207.04(d)(i) - Concurrent Use Application for a Trademark or Service Mark 1207.04(d)(ii) - Concurrent Use Application for a Collective or Certification Mark 1207.04(e) - Applications Subject to Concurrent Use Proceeding Before the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board 1207.04(e)(i) - Preparing the Record for Publication 1207.04(f) - Application for Concurrent Use Registration Pursuant to Court Decree 1207.04(f)(i) - Preparing the Record for Publication 1207.04(g) - Application for Concurrent Use Registration Based on Final Board Decision in Prior Concurrent Use Proceeding 1207.04(g)(i) - Preparing the Record for Publication 1208 - Conflicting Marks in Pending Applications 1208.01 - Priority for Publication or Issue Based on Effective Filing Date 1208.01(a) - What Constitutes Conflict Between Pending Applications 1208.01(b) - What Constitutes Effective Filing Date 1208.01(c) - Change in Effective Filing Date During Examination 1208.01(d) - Examination of Conflicting Marks After Reinstatement or Revival 1208.02 - Conflicting Applications Examination Procedure 1208.02(a) - Examination of Application with Earliest Effective Filing Date 1208.02(b) - Action on Later-Filed Application: Giving Notice of the Earlier Application or Applications 1208.02(c) - Suspension of Later-Filed Application 1208.02(d) - Action on Later-Filed Application upon Disposition of the Earlier Application or Applications 1208.02(e) - Applicant’s Argument on Issues of Conflict 1208.02(f) - Conflicting Mark Mistakenly Published or Approved for Issuance on the Supplemental Register 1208.03 - Procedure Relating to Possibility of Interference 1208.03(a) - Procedures on Request for Interference 1208.03(b) - Decision on Request for Interference 1208.03(c) - Procedure When Interference Is to be Declared 1209 - Refusal on Basis of Descriptiveness 1209.01 - Distinctiveness/Descriptiveness Continuum 1209.01(a) - Fanciful, Arbitrary, and Suggestive Marks 1209.01(b) - Merely Descriptive Marks 1209.01(c) - Generic Terms 1209.01(c)(i) - Test 1209.01(c)(ii) - Terminology 1209.01(c)(iii) - Generic Matter: Case References 1209.02 - Procedure for Descriptiveness and/or Genericness Refusal 1209.02(a) - Descriptive Marks – Advisory Statement that Mark Appears to Be Generic 1209.02(a)(i) - Amendment to Supplemental Register in Response to Office Action 1209.02(a)(ii) - Assertion of §2(f) in Response to Office Action 1209.02(b) - Descriptive and Possibly Generic Marks – Assertion of §2(f) in Application 1209.03 - Considerations Relevant to Determination of Descriptiveness or Genericness 1209.03(a) - Third-Party Registrations 1209.03(b) - Dictionary Listing 1209.03(c) - First or Only User 1209.03(d) - Combined Terms 1209.03(e) - More than One Meaning 1209.03(f) - Picture or Illustration 1209.03(g) - Foreign Equivalents 1209.03(h) - Acronyms 1209.03(i) - Intended Users 1209.03(j) - Phonetic Equivalent 1209.03(k) - Laudatory Terms 1209.03(l) - Telephone Numbers 1209.03(m) - Domain Names 1209.03(n) - “America” or “American” 1209.03(o) - “National,” “International,” “Global,” and “Worldwide” 1209.03(p) - Function or Purpose 1209.03(q) - Provider of Goods or Services 1209.03(r) - Retail Store and Distributorship Services 1209.03(s) - Slogans 1209.03(t) - Repetition of Descriptive or Generic Term 1209.03(u) - Punctuation 1209.03(v) - Key Aspect or Subcategory of Goods or Services 1209.03(w) - Stylization 1209.03(x) - Historical Figure Names and Fictional Character Names 1209.03(y) - Marks Including Geographic Wording that Does Not Indicate Geographic Origin of Cheeses and Processed Meats 1209.04 - Deceptively Misdescriptive Marks 1210 - Refusal on Basis of Geographic Significance 1210.01 - Elements 1210.01(a) - Geographically Descriptive Marks – Test 1210.01(b) - Geographically Deceptively Misdescriptive Marks – Test 1210.01(c) - Geographically Deceptive Marks – Test 1210.02 - Primarily Geographic Significance 1210.02(a) - Geographic Locations 1210.02(b) - Primary Significance 1210.02(b)(i) - Other Meanings 1210.02(b)(i)(A) - Surname Significance 1210.02(b)(ii) - More Than One Geographic Location With Same Name 1210.02(b)(iii) - Non-Geographic Characteristics of Goods or Services 1210.02(b)(iv) - “America” or “American” and Similar Terms in Marks 1210.02(c) - Geographic Terms Combined With Additional Matter 1210.02(c)(i) - Two Geographic Terms Combined 1210.02(c)(ii) - Geographic Terms Combined With Descriptive or Generic Matter 1210.02(c)(iii) - Arbitrary, Fanciful, or Suggestive Composites 1210.03 - Geographic Origin of the Goods or Services 1210.04 - Goods/Place or Services/Place Association 1210.04(a) - Establishing Goods/Place Association 1210.04(b) - Establishing Services/Place Association 1210.04(c) - Obscure or Remote Geographic Marks 1210.04(d) - Arbitrary Use of Geographic Terms 1210.05 - Geographically Deceptive Marks 1210.05(a) - Basis for Refusal 1210.05(b) - Elements of a §2(e)(3) Refusal 1210.05(c) - Determining Materiality 1210.05(c)(i) - Materiality In Cases Involving Goods 1210.05(c)(ii) - Materiality In Cases Involving Services 1210.05(d) - Procedures for Issuing Geographically Deceptive Refusals 1210.05(d)(i) - Neither Applicant Nor Goods/Services Come from the Place Named 1210.05(d)(ii) - It is Not Clear Whether the Goods/Services Originate From the Place Named 1210.05(e) - Geographically Deceptive Matter: Case References 1210.06 - Procedure for Examining Geographic Composite Marks 1210.06(a) - Marks That Include Primarily Geographically Descriptive Terms Combined With Additional Matter 1210.06(b) - Marks That Include Primarily Geographically Deceptively Misdescriptive and Deceptive Terms Combined With Additional Matter 1210.07 - Supplemental Register and §2(f) 1210.07(a) - Registrability of Geographic Terms on the Supplemental Register 1210.07(b) - Registrability of Geographic Terms under §2(f) 1210.08 - Geographical Indications Used on Wines and Spirits 1210.08(a) - Geographical Indications Used on Wines and Spirits That Do Not Originate in the Named Place 1210.08(b) - Geographical Indications Used on Wines and Spirits That Originate in the Named Place 1210.08(c) - Geographical Indications That Are Generic for Wines and Spirits 1210.09 - Geographic Certification Marks 1210.10 - Doctrine of Foreign Equivalents 1211 - Refusal on Basis of Surname 1211.01 - “Primarily Merely a Surname” 1211.01(a) - Non-Surname Significance 1211.01(a)(i) - Ordinary Language Meaning 1211.01(a)(ii) - Phonetic Equivalent of Term with Ordinary Language Meaning 1211.01(a)(iii) - Geographical Significance 1211.01(a)(iv) - Historical Place or Person 1211.01(a)(v) - Rare Surnames 1211.01(a)(vi) - “Structure and Pronunciation” of a Surname 1211.01(a)(vii) - Doctrine of Foreign Equivalents 1211.01(b) - Surname Combined with Additional Matter 1211.01(b)(i) - Double Surnames 1211.01(b)(ii) - Stylization or Design Elements 1211.01(b)(iii) - Surname Combined with Initials 1211.01(b)(iv) - Surname Combined with Title 1211.01(b)(v) - Surname in Plural or Possessive Form 1211.01(b)(vi) - Surname Combined with Additional Wording 1211.01(b)(vii) - Surname Combined with Domain Name 1211.01(b)(viii) - Surname Combined with Legal or Familial Entity Designation 1211.02 - Evidence Relating to Surname Refusal 1211.02(a) - Evidentiary Burden – Generally 1211.02(b) - Evidentiary Considerations 1211.02(b)(i) - Telephone Directory Listings 1211.02(b)(ii) - LexisNexis® Research Database Evidence 1211.02(b)(iii) - U.S. Census Database Evidence 1211.02(b)(iv) - Surname of Person Associated with Applicant 1211.02(b)(v) - Specimens Confirming Surname Significance of Term 1211.02(b)(vi) - Negative Dictionary Evidence 1211.02(b)(vii) - Evidence of Fame of a Mark 1212 - Acquired Distinctiveness or Secondary Meaning 1212.01 - General Evidentiary Matters 1212.02 - General Procedural Matters 1212.02(a) - Situations in Which a Claim of Distinctiveness Under §2(f) Is Appropriate 1212.02(b) - Section 2(f) Claim Is, for Procedural Purposes, a Concession that Matter Is Not Inherently Distinctive 1212.02(c) - Claiming §2(f) Distinctiveness in the Alternative 1212.02(d) - Unnecessary §2(f) Claims 1212.02(e) - Disclaimers in Applications Claiming Distinctiveness under §2(f) 1212.02(f) - Section 2(f) Claim in Part 1212.02(f)(i) - Standards for Establishing Acquired Distinctiveness for Claims of §2(f) in Part 1212.02(f)(ii) - Appropriate/Inappropriate Situations for Claiming §2(f) in Part 1212.02(f)(ii)(A) - Appropriate Situations for Claiming §2(f) in Part 1212.02(f)(ii)(B) - Inappropriate Situations for Claiming §2(f) in Part 1212.02(g) - Examining Attorney’s Role in Suggesting §2(f) or Appropriate Kind/Amount of Evidence 1212.02(h) - Nonfinal and Final Refusals 1212.02(i) - Section 2(f) Claim with Respect to Incapable Matter 1212.02(j) - Section 2(f) Claim Restricted to Particular Goods/Services/Classes 1212.03 - Three Types of Evidence of Distinctiveness under §2(f) 1212.04 - Prior Registrations as Proof of Distinctiveness 1212.04(a) - Sufficiency of Claim Vis-à-Vis Nature of the Mark 1212.04(b) - “Same Mark” 1212.04(c) - Goods or Services Must be 1212.04(d) - Registration Must Be in Full Force and Effect and on Principal Register or under Act of 1905 1212.04(e) - Form of §2(f) Claim Based on Ownership of Prior Registrations 1212.05 - Five Years of Use as Proof of Distinctiveness 1212.05(a) - Sufficiency of Claim Vis-à-Vis Nature of the Mark 1212.05(b) - “Substantially Exclusive and Continuous” 1212.05(c) - Use “as a Mark” 1212.05(d) - Form of the Proof of Five Years’ Use 1212.06 - Establishing Distinctiveness by Actual Evidence 1212.06(a) - Long Use of the Mark in Commerce 1212.06(b) - Advertising Expenditures 1212.06(c) - Affidavits or Declarations Asserting Recognition of Mark as Source Indicator 1212.06(d) - Survey Evidence, Market Research and Consumer Reaction Studies 1212.06(e) - Miscellaneous Considerations Regarding Evidence Submitted to Establish Distinctiveness 1212.06(e)(i) - First or Only User 1212.06(e)(ii) - State Trademark Registrations 1212.06(e)(iii) - Design Patent 1212.06(e)(iv) - Acquiescence to Demands of Competitors 1212.06(e)(v) - Family of Marks 1212.06(e)(vi) - Parodies and Copies 1212.07 - Form of Application Asserting Distinctiveness 1212.08 - Section 44 and §66(a) Applications and Distinctiveness 1212.09 - Section 1(b) Applications and Distinctiveness 1212.09(a) - Section 2(f) Claim Requires Prior Use 1212.09(b) - Claim of §2(f) “in Part” in §1(b) Applications 1212.10 - Printing §2(f) Notations, §2(f)-in-Part Notations, and Limitation Statements 1213 - Disclaimer of Elements in Marks 1213.01 - History of Disclaimer Practice 1213.01(a) - Discretion in Requiring Disclaimer 1213.01(b) - Refusal to Register Because of Failure to Disclaim 1213.01(c) - Voluntary Disclaimer of Registrable or Unregistrable Matter 1213.01(d) - Disclaimer Offered in the Alternative 1213.02 - “Composite” Marks 1213.03 - Disclaimer of Unregistrable Components of Marks 1213.03(a) - “Unregistrable Components” in General 1213.03(b) - Generic Matter and Matter That Does Not Function as a Mark 1213.03(c) - Pictorial Representations of Descriptive Matter 1213.03(d) - Entity Designations 1213.04 - Trade Names 1213.05 - Unitary Marks 1213.05(a) - Compound Word Marks 1213.05(a)(i) - Telescoped Words 1213.05(a)(ii) - Compound Words Formed with Hyphen or Other Punctuation 1213.05(b) - Unitary Phrases 1213.05(b)(i) - Slogans 1213.05(b)(ii) - Grammar and Punctuation 1213.05(b)(ii)(A) - Verbs 1213.05(b)(ii)(B) - Prepositional Phrases 1213.05(b)(ii)(C) - Punctuation 1213.05(b)(ii)(D) - Possessives 1213.05(b)(iii) - Other Considerations 1213.05(b)(iv) - Unregistrable Unitary Phrases or Slogans 1213.05(c) - Double Entendre 1213.05(d) - Incongruity 1213.05(e) - Sound Patterns 1213.05(f) - Display of Mark 1213.05(g) - Marks with Design Elements Replacing Letters 1213.05(g)(i) - Marks with a Distinctive Design Replacing a Letter in Descriptive or Generic Wording 1213.05(g)(ii) - Marks with Merely Descriptive or Primarily Geographically Descriptive Designs Replacing Letters within Descriptive or Primarily Geographically Descriptive Wording 1213.05(g)(iii) - Marks with Accurate Pictorial Representations Replacing Letters in Merely Descriptive and Primarily Geographically Descriptive Marks 1213.05(g)(iv) - Unitary Marks with Design Elements Replacing Letters in Descriptive or Generic Wording 1213.05(h) - Unitary Marks: Case References 1213.06 - Entire Mark May Not Be Disclaimed 1213.07 - Removal Rather Than Disclaimer 1213.08 - Form of Disclaimers 1213.08(a) - Wording of Disclaimer 1213.08(a)(i) - Standardized Printing Format for Disclaimer 1213.08(a)(ii) - Unacceptable Wording for Disclaimer 1213.08(a)(iii) - Unacceptable Statements in Disclaimers 1213.08(b) - Disclaimer of Unregistrable Matter in Its Entirety 1213.08(c) - Disclaimer of Misspelled Words 1213.08(d) - Disclaimer of Non-English Words 1213.09 - Mark of Another May Not Be Registered with Disclaimer 1213.10 - Disclaimer in Relation to Likelihood of Confusion 1213.11 - Acquiring Rights in Disclaimed Matter 1214 - “Phantom” Elements in Marks 1214.01 - Single Application May Seek Registration of Only One Mark 1214.02 - Agreement of Mark on Drawing with Mark on Specimens or Foreign Registration 1214.03 - “Phantom Marks” in §1(b) Applications 1214.04 - “Phantom Marks” in §44 and §66(a) Applications 1215 - Marks Composed, in Whole or in Part, of Domain Names 1215.01 - Background 1215.02 - Use as a Mark 1215.02(a) - Use Applications 1215.02(b) - Advertising One’s Own Products or Services on the Internet is not a Service 1215.02(c) - Agreement of Mark on Drawing with Mark on Specimens of Use 1215.02(d) - Marks Comprised Solely of gTLDs for Domain Registry Operator and Domain Name Registrar Services 1215.02(d)(i) - Prior Registration(s) of the Same Mark for Goods or Services in the Same Field of Use 1215.02(d)(ii) - Additional Proof that the Mark Used as a gTLD Will Be Perceived as a Mark 1215.02(d)(iii) - Registry Agreement/ICANN Contract 1215.02(d)(iv) - Legitimate Service for the Benefit of Others 1215.02(e) - Section 1(b) Applications 1215.02(f) - Section 44 and §66(a) Applications 1215.03 - Surnames 1215.04 - Descriptiveness 1215.05 - Generic Refusals 1215.05(a) - Genericness Analysis and Relevant Evidence 1215.05(b) - Procedures for Refusals 1215.05(b)(i) - Claim of Acquired Distinctiveness 1215.05(b)(ii) - Supplemental Register 1215.05(c) - Generic.com Terms Combined with Other Matter 1215.05(d) - Failure to Function 1215.05(e) - Section 2(d) Considerations 1215.06 - Marks Containing Geographical Matter 1215.07 - Disclaimers 1215.08 - Material Alteration 1215.08(a) - Adding or Deleting TLDs in Domain Name Marks 1215.08(b) - Adding or Deleting gTLDs in Other Marks 1215.08(c) - Adding or Deleting 1215.09 - Likelihood of Confusion 1215.10 - Marks Containing the Phonetic Equivalent of a Generic Top-Level Domain 1216 - Effect of Applicant’s Prior Registrations 1216.01 - Decisions Involving Prior Registrations Not Controlling 1216.02 - Effect of “Incontestability” in Ex Parte Examination 1217 - Res Judicata, Collateral Estoppel, and Stare Decisis 1300 - Service Marks, Collective Marks, and Certification Marks 1301 - Service Marks 1301.01 - What Is a Service? 1301.01(a) - Criteria for Determining What Constitutes a Service 1301.01(a)(i) - Performance of a Real Activity 1301.01(a)(ii) - For the Benefit of Others 1301.01(a)(iii) - Sufficiently Distinct from Activities Involved in Provision of Goods or Performance of Other Services 1301.01(b) - Whether Particular Activities Constitute “Services” 1301.01(b)(i) - Contests and Promotional Activities 1301.01(b)(ii) - Warranty or Guarantee of Repair 1301.01(b)(iii) - Publishing One’s Own Periodical 1301.01(b)(iv) - Soliciting Investors 1301.01(b)(v) - Informational Services Ancillary to the Sale of Goods 1301.01(b)(vi) - Clinical Trials 1301.02 - What Is a Service Mark? 1301.02(a) - Matter that Does Not Function as a Service Mark 1301.02(b) - Names of Characters or Personal Names as Service Marks 1301.02(c) - Three-Dimensional Trade Dress Service Marks 1301.02(d) - Titles of Radio and Television Programs 1301.02(e) - Process, System, or Method 1301.02(f) - Computer Software 1301.03 - Use of Service Mark in Commerce 1301.03(a) - Use of Service Mark in Advertising to Identify Services 1301.03(b) - Rendering of Service in Commerce Regulable by Congress 1301.04 - Specimens of Use for Service Marks 1301.04(a) - Whether the Specimen Shows the Mark as Actually Used in Commerce by the Applicant in the Sale or Advertising of the Services 1301.04(b) - Whether the Identified Services Are Registrable Services 1301.04(c) - Whether the Specimen Shows Use in Connection with All Classes in a Multiple-Class Application 1301.04(d) - Whether the Mark Is Used in Connection With the Identified Services 1301.04(e) - Whether the Mark Functions as a Service Mark 1301.04(f) - Elements of an Acceptable Service-Mark Specimen 1301.04(f)(i) - Show the Mark 1301.04(f)(ii) - Direct Association Between the Mark and the Services 1301.04(g) - Grounds for Refusal 1301.04(g)(i) - Failure to Show the Mark Used in Commerce 1301.04(g)(ii) - Failure to Show the Mark Functioning as a Service Mark 1301.04(h) - Considerations and Common Issues when Examining Certain Specimens 1301.04(h)(i) - Letterhead 1301.04(h)(ii) - Specimens for Entertainment Services 1301.04(h)(iii) - Specimens for Technology-Related Services 1301.04(h)(iv) - Common Forms of Specimens for Modern Technology-Related Services 1301.04(h)(iv)(A) - Sign-In Screens 1301.04(h)(iv)(B) - Title or Launch Screens 1301.04(h)(iv)(C) - Web Pages 1301.04(h)(iv)(D) - Services Rendered by Means of Software Applications (Apps) 1301.04(i) - Examples of Acceptable Service-mark Specimens 1301.04(j) - Examples of Unacceptable Service-mark Specimens 1301.05 - Identification and Classification of Services 1302 - Collective Marks Generally 1302.01 - Brief History of Collective Marks 1303 - Collective Trademarks and Collective Service Marks Generally 1303.01 - Application Requirements for a Collective Trademark or Collective Service Mark 1303.01(a) - Filing Basis 1303.01(a)(i) - Use in Commerce – §1(a) 1303.01(a)(i)(A) - Manner/Method of Control 1303.01(a)(i)(B) - Dates of Use 1303.01(a)(i)(C) - Specimens 1303.01(a)(ii) - Intent to Use – §1(b) 1303.01(a)(iii) - Foreign Priority – §44(d) 1303.01(a)(iv) - Foreign Registration – §44(e) 1303.01(a)(iv)(A) - Scope of Foreign Registration 1303.01(a)(v) - Extension of Protection of International Registration – §66(a) 1303.01(a)(vi) - Multiple Bases, Amending/Deleting the Basis, Review of Basis Prior to Publication/Issue 1303.01(b) - Verification of Certain Statements 1303.01(b)(i) - Statements Required in Verification of Application for Registration - §1 or §44 Application 1303.01(b)(ii) - Statements Required in Verification of Application for Registration - §66(a) Application 1303.02 - Examination of Collective Trademark and Collective Service Mark Applications 1303.02(a) - Ownership Considerations 1303.02(b) - Likelihood of Confusion 1304 - Collective Membership Marks 1304.01 - Collective Membership Marks Generally 1304.02 - Application Requirements for Collective Membership Marks 1304.02(a) - Filing Basis 1304.02(a)(i) - Use in Commerce – §1(a) 1304.02(a)(i)(A) - Manner/Method of Control 1304.02(a)(i)(B) - Dates of Use 1304.02(a)(i)(C) - Specimens 1304.02(a)(ii) - Intent to Use – §1(b) 1304.02(a)(iii) - Foreign Priority – §44(d) 1304.02(a)(iv) - Foreign Registration – §44(e) 1304.02(a)(iv)(A) - Scope of Foreign Registration 1304.02(a)(v) - Extension of Protection of International Registration – §66(a) 1304.02(a)(vi) - Multiple Bases, Amending/Deleting the Basis, Review of Basis Prior to Publication/Issue 1304.02(b) - Verification of Certain Statements 1304.02(b)(i) - Statements Required in Verification of Application for Registration - §1 or §44 Application 1304.02(b)(ii) - Statements Required in Verification of Application for Registration - §66(a) Application 1304.02(c) - Identification of Nature of Collective Membership Organization 1304.02(d) - Classification 1304.03 - Examination of Collective Membership Mark Applications 1304.03(a) - Ownership Considerations 1304.03(b) - Specimen Refusals Specific to Collective Membership Marks 1304.03(b)(i) - Matter that Does Not Function as a Membership Mark 1304.03(b)(ii) - Degree or Title Designations 1304.03(c) - Likelihood of Confusion 1305 - Trademarks and Service Marks Used by Collective Organizations 1306 - Certification Marks 1306.01 - Types of Certification Marks 1306.01(a) - Use Is by Person Other than Owner of Certification Mark 1306.01(b) - Purpose Is to Certify, Not to Indicate Source 1306.01(c) - Identifying Certification Mark Applications 1306.02 - Application Requirements for a Certification Mark 1306.02(a) - Filing Basis 1306.02(a)(i) - Use in Commerce – §1(a) 1306.02(a)(i)(A) - Dates of Use 1306.02(a)(i)(B) - Specimens 1306.02(a)(ii) - Intent-to-Use – §1(b) 1306.02(a)(iii) - Foreign Priority – §44(d) 1306.02(a)(iv) - Foreign Registration – §44(e) 1306.02(a)(iv)(A) - Scope of Foreign Registration 1306.02(a)(v) - Extension of Protection of International Registration – §66(a) 1306.02(a)(vi) - Multiple Bases, Amending/Deleting the Basis, Review of Basis Prior to Publication/Issue 1306.02(b) - Verification of Certain Statements 1306.02(b)(i) - Statements Required in Verification of Application for Registration - §1 or §44 Application 1306.02(b)(ii) - Statements Required in Verification of Application for Registration - §66(a) Application 1306.02(c) - Identification of Goods and Services of the Authorized Users 1306.02(d) - Classification 1306.03 - Special Elements of Certification Mark Applications 1306.03(a) - Certification Statement 1306.03(b) - Certification Standards – Required for §1(a) Applications and Allegations of Use Only 1306.03(c) - Statement that Applicant Is Not Engaged in (or Will not Engage in) Production or Marketing of the Goods/Services 1306.04 - Examination of Certification Mark Applications 1306.04(a) - Compare the Mark on the Drawing to the Specimen for §1(a) 1306.04(b) - Ownership 1306.04(b)(i) - Exercise of Control 1306.04(b)(ii) - Distinguishing Certification Mark Use from Related-Company Use of Trademark or Service Mark 1306.04(b)(iii) - Patent Licenses 1306.04(c) - Characteristics of Certification Marks – Specimen Shows Mark Functions as a Certification Mark 1306.04(d) - Specimen Refusals Specific to Certification Marks 1306.04(d)(i) - Whether Certification Mark and Trademark or Service Mark Appear on Specimen Together 1306.04(d)(ii) - Specimen Shows Use as Title or Degree for Certification Mark Certifying that Labor Was Performed by Specific Group or Individual 1306.04(e) - Relationship of §14 (Cancellation) 1306.04(f) - Same Mark Not Registrable as Certification Mark and as Any Other Type of Mark 1306.04(f)(i) - Cancellation of Applicant’s Prior Registration Required by Change from Certification Mark Use to Trademark or Service Mark Use, or Vice Versa 1306.05 - Geographic Certification Marks 1306.05(a) - Geographic Certification Marks – Generally 1306.05(b) - Additional Considerations in Geographic Certification Mark Applications 1306.05(b)(i) - Certification Statement 1306.05(b)(ii) - Authority to Control a Geographic Certification Mark 1306.05(b)(iii) - Specimens 1306.05(c) - Mark Must Serve to Certify Geographic Origin 1306.05(d) - Section 2(e)(2) Does Not Apply to Geographic Certification Marks 1306.05(e) - Geographically Deceptive Marks Not Registrable as Geographic Certification Marks 1306.05(f) - Geographic Designations that Do Not Certify Regional Origin 1306.05(g) - Likelihood-of-Confusion Search and Analysis 1306.05(g)(i) - Considerations When the Proposed Mark Is a Geographic Certification Mark 1306.05(g)(ii) - Considerations When the Proposed Mark Contains a Geographic Designation but Is Not a Geographic Certification Mark 1306.05(h) - American Viticultural Areas 1306.05(i) - Geographic Certification Marks Containing §2(b) Matter 1306.05(j) - Examples of Geographic Certification Marks 1306.06 - Uncertainty Regarding Type of Mark 1306.06(a) - Distinction Between Certification Mark and Collective Mark 1306.06(b) - Amendment to Different Type of Mark 1306.06(c) - Registration as Correct Type of Mark 1400 - Classification and Identification of Goods and Services 1401 - Classification 1401.01 - Statutory Authority 1401.02 - International Trademark Classification Adopted 1401.02(a) - Headings of International Trademark Classes 1401.02(b) - Short Titles for International Trademark Classes 1401.02(c) - International Alphabetical List 1401.03 - Designation of Class 1401.03(a) - Designation of Class by Applicant Normally Initially Accepted in Applications Under §§1 and 44 1401.03(b) - Designation of Class by USPTO When Class Number Is Not Designated or Is Inaccurate in Application Under §1 or §44 1401.03(c) - Failure to Classify May Delay Action in Applications Under §§1 and 44 1401.03(d) - Classification Determined by World Intellectual Property Organization in §66(a) Applications 1401.04 - Classification Determines Number of Fees 1401.04(a) - Prior United States Classification System 1401.04(b) - Limiting Goods and Services to the Number of Classes for Which Filing Fees Are Paid 1401.05 - Criteria on Which International Classification Is Based 1401.05(a) - Identification and Classification of Kits, Gift Baskets, and Items Sold as a Unit 1401.05(b) - Medical vs. Non-Medical Goods 1401.05(c) - Classification and Plurality of Uses 1401.05(d) - Identification and Classification of 1401.05(e) - Identification and Classification of 1401.06 - Specimen(s) as Related to Classification 1401.07 - Specimen Discloses Special Characteristics 1401.08 - Classification and the Identification of Goods and Services 1401.09 - Implementation of Changes to the Nice Agreement 1401.10 - Effective Date of Changes to USPTO ID Manual 1401.10(a) - Effective Date of USPTO ID Manual Entries for Applications Filed Under §66(a) 1401.11 - Changes in Practice Based on the Restructuring of International Class 42 in the 8th Edition of the Nice Agreement 1401.11(a) - Elimination of 1401.12 - General Summary of Major Changes in Practice Based on the 9th Edition of the Nice Agreement 1401.12(a) - Legal Services Transferred to International Class 45 1401.12(b) - Goods Made of Precious Metal are Classified According to Their Function 1401.12(c) - Transfer of Aquaria and Related Items 1401.13 - General Summary of Major Changes in Practice Based on the 10th Edition of the Nice Agreement 1401.13(a) - Electric/Electrothermic Goods 1401.13(b) - Amusement and Game-Playing Apparatus 1401.13(c) - Food Additives 1401.13(d) - Dietetic Substances and Meal Replacements 1401.13(e) - Marketing Services 1401.14 - General Summary of Major Changes in Practice Based on the 11th Edition of the Nice Agreement 1401.14(a) - Cosmetic and Toiletry Preparations and Soaps 1401.14(b) - Household or Kitchen Serving Utensils and Small Hand-operated Kitchen Apparatus for Mincing, Grinding, Pressing, or Crushing 1401.14(c) - Dietetic Food and Beverages Adapted for Medical or Veterinary Use 1401.14(d) - Nut and Plant Milks; Milk Substitutes 1401.14(e) - Security Services in Class 42 and Class 45 1401.14(f) - Ivory, Bone, Whalebone, Horn, Tusks, or Other Items Prohibited under Federal Law 1401.15 - General Summary of Major Changes in Practice Based on the 12th Edition of the Nice Agreement 1401.15(a) - Dispensers 1401.15(b) - Non-fungible Tokens (NFTs) 1401.15(c) - Virtual Services 1402 - Identification of Goods and Services 1402.01 - Specifying the Goods and/or Services - in General 1402.01(a) - General Guidelines for Acceptable Identifications of Goods or Services 1402.01(b) - Identification of Goods and Services in a §44 Application 1402.01(c) - Identification and Classification of Goods and Services in a §66(a) Application 1402.01(d) - Location of 1402.01(e) - Responsibilities of Examining Attorney as to Identification 1402.02 - Entitlement to Filing Date With Respect to Identification of Goods and Services 1402.03 - Specificity of Terms Used in Identifying Goods and Services 1402.03(a) - Inclusive Terminology 1402.03(b) - House Marks 1402.03(c) - Marks for a 1402.03(d) - Identifying Recorded or Downloadable Computer Programs and Software 1402.03(e) - Identifying Printed, Downloadable, or Recorded Publications with Specificity 1402.03(f) - Recognition of Industry Terms 1402.03(g) - Name and/or Acronym of Trademark Protection System or Scheme for Geographical Indication Appearing in Identification 1402.04 - Acceptable Identification of Goods and Services Manual 1402.05 - Accuracy of Identification 1402.05(a) - Goods That Are Components or Ingredients 1402.05(b) - Material Composition 1402.06 - Amendments Permitted to Clarify or Limit Identification 1402.06(a) - Limiting the Identification of Goods and Services 1402.06(b) - Clarifying the Identification of Goods and Services 1402.07 - Scope of Identification of Goods and Services for Purposes of Amendment 1402.07(a) - The Ordinary-Meaning Test 1402.07(b) - Ambiguous Identifications 1402.07(c) - Unambiguous Identifications 1402.07(d) - Permissible Scope of Identification Not Affected by Proposed Amendment That Is Unacceptable 1402.07(e) - Permissible Scope of Identification Affected by Proposed Amendment That Is Acceptable 1402.08 - Moving Goods and Services Between Companion Applications 1402.09 - Use of Marks or Terms 1402.10 - Identification of Goods and Services in Documents Filed in Connection with §1(b) Applications 1402.11 - Identification of Services 1402.11(a) - Computer Services 1402.11(a)(i) - Services Classified in Classes 35, 36, 37, 39, 40, 41, 43, 44, and 45 1402.11(a)(ii) - Content Providers 1402.11(a)(iii) - Provision of Telecommunications Connections to the Internet 1402.11(a)(iv) - Office-Function-Type and Computerized Web Traffic Services 1402.11(a)(v) - Computer Installation and Repair Services 1402.11(a)(vi) - Retail Services 1402.11(a)(vii) - Computer Entertainment Services 1402.11(a)(viii) - Computer Design and Development Services 1402.11(a)(ix) - Database Services 1402.11(a)(x) - Online Publications 1402.11(a)(xi) - Electronic Storage, Hosting of Data, and Cloud Computing 1402.11(a)(xii) - Providing On-line Non-Downloadable Computer Software 1402.11(b) - Information Services 1402.11(c) - Association Services 1402.11(d) - Charitable Services, Other than Monetary 1402.11(e) - Consulting Services 1402.11(f) - Distribution of Videotapes, Audiotapes, Videodiscs, and Similar Goods 1402.11(g) - Recorded Entertainment Services 1402.11(h) - Identification of 1402.11(i) - Marketing Services and Advertising Services 1402.11(j) - Issuing Awards 1402.11(k) - Accreditation- and Certification-Related Services vs. Certification Marks 1402.12 - Parentheses and Brackets Should Not be Used in Identifications of Goods and Services 1402.13 - Requirement for Amendment of Portion of Identification of Goods/Services 1402.14 - Identification of Goods/Services Must Conform to Rules and Policies in Effect at the Time Registration is Sought 1402.15 - Procedures for Processing Unacceptable Amendments to Identifications 1403 - Combined or Multiple-Class Applications 1403.01 - Requirements for Combined or Multiple-Class Applications 1403.02 - Amendment of Combined or Multiple-Class Application 1403.02(a) - Deletion of Classes 1403.02(b) - Correction of Classification 1403.02(c) - Addition of Classes 1403.03 - Dividing of Combined or Multiple-Class Application 1403.04 - Refusals and Oppositions as to Less Than All the Classes in a Multiple-Class Application 1403.05 - Fees for Action After Filing, Multiple Classes 1403.06 - Surrender or Amendment in Multiple-Class Registrations 1500 - Post-Examination Procedures 1501 - Appeal to Trademark Trial and Appeal Board 1501.01 - Appealable Matter 1501.02 - Appeal Briefs 1501.02(a) - Applicant’s Appeal Brief 1501.02(b) - Examining Attorney’s Appeal Brief 1501.02(c) - Reply Briefs in Ex Parte Appeals 1501.03 - Withdrawal of Refusal or Requirement After Appeal 1501.04 - Fee for Appeal 1501.05 - Amendment During Appeal 1501.06 - Amendment After Decision on Appeal 1501.07 - Examining Attorney’s Request for Reconsideration 1502 - Publication in Trademark Official Gazette 1502.01 - Notification of Clerical Errors in Trademark Official Gazette 1503 - Opposition 1503.01 - Filing a Notice of Opposition 1503.02 - Joining Persons in an Opposition 1503.03 - Time for Opposing 1503.04 - Extension of Time to Oppose 1503.05 - Opposition to §66(a) Applications 1504 - Jurisdiction over Application 1504.01 - Jurisdiction of Examining Attorney 1504.02 - Jurisdiction of Trademark Trial and Appeal Board 1504.03 - Action by Examining Attorney After Publication 1504.04 - Restoration of Jurisdiction to Examining Attorney by Director 1504.04(a) - Request for Jurisdiction 1504.05 - Remand to Examining Attorney by Trademark Trial and Appeal Board 1505 - Amendments Filed by Applicants After Publication 1505.01 - Procedures for Processing Amendments Filed by the Applicant After Publication 1505.01(a) - Requirement for Representation, and Form and Timing of Amendments 1505.01(b) - Processing Amendments to §1(a), §44, and §66(a) Applications in Cases Where No Opposition Has Been Filed and a Registration Certificate Has Not Yet Issued 1505.01(b)(i) - Acceptable Amendments 1505.01(b)(ii) - Unacceptable Amendments 1505.01(c) - Processing Amendments to §1(b) Applications in Cases Where No Opposition Has Been Filed and No Notice of Allowance Has Issued 1505.01(c)(i) - Acceptable Amendments 1505.01(c)(ii) - Unacceptable Amendments 1505.01(d) - Processing Amendments Filed Between Issuance of the Notice of Allowance and Filing of Statement of Use 1505.01(e) - Processing Amendments in Cases Where a Request for Extension of Time to Oppose Has Been Filed or Granted 1505.01(f) - Processing Amendments in Cases Where an Opposition Has Been Filed 1505.02 - Types of Amendments After Publication 1505.02(a) - Amendments to the Identification 1505.02(b) - Amendments to Classification 1505.02(c) - Amendments to Marks 1505.02(d) - Amendments to the Dates of Use 1505.02(e) - Amendments Adding or Deleting Disclaimers 1505.02(f) - Amendment of the Basis 1505.02(g) - Amendments to the Applicant’s Name, Citizenship, or Entity Type 1505.03 - Republication for Opposition 1505.03(a) - When Republication Is Required 1505.03(b) - When Republication Is Not Required 1506 - Concurrent Use Registration Proceeding 1507 - Interference 1600 - Registration and Post Registration Procedures 1601 - Types of Registrations 1601.01 - Registrations Now Being Issued 1601.01(a) - Certificate of Registration 1601.01(b) - Presentation Copy of Registration Certificate 1601.01(c) - Registered Extension of Protection of International Registration to the United States 1601.02 - Repeal of Prior Acts 1601.03 - Additional Registration Under Act of 1946 1601.04 - 1881 and 1905 Act Registrations 1601.05 - 1920 Act Registrations 1601.06 - Registrations Issued Under Prior Classification Systems 1601.07 - Form of Copies of Registrations 1602 - Duration and Maintenance of Registrations 1602.01 - Act of 1946, as Amended 1602.02 - Acts of 1881 and 1905 1602.03 - Act of 1920 1602.04 - Trademark Law Treaty Implementation Act Changes 1603 - Bringing Prior Act Registrations Under 1946 Act, §12(c) 1603.01 - Notification and Publication of Mark in Trademark Official Gazette 1603.02 - Cancellation and Incontestability 1603.03 - Affidavits or Declarations of Use in Commerce Required 1604 - Affidavit or Declaration of Use or Excusable Nonuse of Mark in Commerce under §8 of the Trademark Act 1604.01 - Registrations to Which §8 Affidavit or Declaration Pertains 1604.02 - Notice of When Affidavit or Declaration Is Due 1604.03 - Form for Filing §8 Affidavit or Declaration 1604.04 - Time for Filing §8 Affidavit or Declaration 1604.04(a) - Premature Filing of §8 Affidavit or Declaration 1604.04(b) - Registrations in Twenty-Year Terms 1604.05 - Requirements for §8 Affidavit or Declaration 1604.06 - Fees for §8 Affidavit or Declaration 1604.06(a) - Filing Fee for Affidavit or Declaration 1604.06(b) - Grace Period Surcharge and Deficiency Surcharge 1604.06(c) - Processing Affidavit or Declaration Filed with Insufficient Fees 1604.07 - Ownership and Who May File §8 Affidavit or Declaration 1604.07(a) - Affidavit or Declaration Must Be Filed by Owner 1604.07(b) - Establishing Ownership 1604.07(c) - Acceptance Notice Issued in Name of Owner of Record 1604.07(d) - Changes of Legal Entity 1604.07(e) - Changes of Name 1604.07(f) - Correction of Mistake in Setting Forth the Name of the Owner 1604.08 - Execution of Affidavit or Declaration 1604.08(a) - Persons Who May Sign Affidavit or Declaration 1604.08(b) - Date of Execution of Affidavit or Declaration 1604.08(c) - Signature of Electronically Transmitted Affidavit or Declaration 1604.08(d) - Form and Wording of Verification 1604.09 - Goods/Services/Classes Set Forth in §8 Affidavit or Declaration 1604.09(a) - Goods/Services/Collective Membership Organization Must Be Specified or Expressly Incorporated by Reference 1604.09(b) - Deletion of Goods/Services/Classes 1604.09(c) - Failure to List All Goods/Services/Collective Membership Organization in Registration 1604.09(d) - New Goods and/or Services Cannot Be Added 1604.10 - Use in Commerce 1604.11 - “Excusable Nonuse” of Mark 1604.12 - Specimen Showing Current Use of Mark in Commerce 1604.12(a) - Specimen for Each Class Required 1604.12(b) - Specimen Submission Issues 1604.12(c) - Substitute Specimens 1604.13 - Differences in the Mark as Used on the Specimen and the Mark as Registered 1604.13(a) - Possible Amendment of Mark in Registration 1604.14 - Designation of Domestic Representative by Foreign Owner 1604.15 - Office Actions and Notices Regarding Affidavit or Declaration 1604.16 - Response to Office Action 1604.17 - Correction of Deficiencies in §8 Affidavit or Declaration 1604.17(a) - Correcting Deficiencies in Affidavits or Declarations Timely Filed Within the Periods Set Forth in §8(a) of the Act 1604.17(b) - Correcting Deficiencies in Affidavits or Declarations Filed During the Grace Period 1604.17(c) - Defects That Cannot be Cured After Expiration of the Grace Period 1604.18 - Petition Under 37 C.F.R. §2.146 1604.18(a) - Response to Examiner’s Refusal Required Before Petition 1604.18(b) - Decision on Petition Is Final Action of the USPTO 1604.18(c) - Request for Reconsideration of Denial of Petition 1604.18(d) - Appeal to Federal Court 1604.19 - Section 8 Affidavit or Declaration of Use or Excusable Nonuse Combined with Renewal Application 1604.20 - Additional Requirements for §8 Affidavits or Declarations Pertaining to Collective Marks 1604.20(a) - Exercising Legitimate Control 1604.20(b) - Manner/Method of Control 1604.21 - Additional Requirements for §8 Affidavits or Declarations Pertaining to Certification Marks 1604.21(a) - Certification Standards 1604.21(b) - Exercising Legitimate Control 1604.21(c) - Certification Statement 1604.21(d) - Statement that Owner is Not Engaged in Production or Marketing of the Goods/Services 1604.22 - Post Registration Audit 1604.23 - Correction of §8 Affidavit or Declaration 1605 - Affidavit or Declaration of Incontestability Under §15 of the Trademark Act 1605.01 - Registrations to Which §15 Affidavit or Declaration Pertains 1605.02 - Form for Filing Affidavit or Declaration of Incontestability 1605.03 - Time for Filing Affidavit or Declaration of Incontestability 1605.04 - Requirements for Affidavit or Declaration of Incontestability 1605.05 - Combining §15 Affidavit or Declaration with §8 Affidavit or Declaration 1605.06 - Section 14 Limitation Is Independent of §15 Affidavit or Declaration 1606 - Renewal of Registration Under §9 of the Trademark Act 1606.01 - Which Registrations Must Be Renewed Under §9 1606.01(a) - Registrations Based on Applications Under §1 or §44 Must Be Renewed Under §9 1606.01(b) - Section 9 Does Not Apply to Extensions of Protection of International Registrations to the United States 1606.01(c) - Renewal of Registrations Issued Under Prior U.S. Trademark Acts Must Be Renewed Under §9 1606.02 - Requirements for Renewal Under §9 1606.03 - Time for Filing §9 Renewal Application 1606.03(a) - Premature Filing of §9 Renewal Application 1606.04 - Form for Filing §9 Renewal Application 1606.05 - Fees for §9 Renewal Applications 1606.05(a) - Fee for Filing Application for Renewal Under §9 1606.05(b) - Grace Period Surcharge and Deficiency Surcharge 1606.05(c) - Processing §9 Renewal Application Filed with Insufficient Fees 1606.06 - Ownership and Who May File §9 Renewal Application 1606.07 - Execution of §9 Renewal Application 1606.08 - Goods/Services/Classes Set Forth in §9 Renewal Application 1606.08(a) - Listing of Goods/Services/Classes Required Only for Partial Renewal 1606.08(b) - No Goods/Services/Classes Listed 1606.08(c) - Some Goods/Services/Classes Listed 1606.08(d) - Goods/Services/Classes Not Listed in Registration May Not Be Listed in Renewal Application 1606.09 - Affidavit of Use in Commerce or Excusable Nonuse Not Required 1606.10 - Designation of Domestic Representative by Foreign Applicant for Renewal Under §9 1606.11 - Office Actions and Notices Regarding §9 Renewal Application 1606.12 - Response to Office Action 1606.13 - Correction of Deficiencies in §9 Renewal Applications 1606.13(a) - Correcting Deficiencies in §9 Renewal Applications Filed Within the Year Before the Expiration Date of the Registration 1606.13(b) - Correcting Deficiencies in Renewal Applications Filed During the Grace Period 1606.13(c) - Late Filing Cannot Be Cured 1606.14 - Petition to the Director Under 37 C.F.R. §2.146 1606.14(a) - Response to Examiner’s Refusal Required Before Petition 1606.14(b) - Decision on Petition is Final Action of the USPTO 1606.14(c) - Request for Reconsideration of Denial of Petition 1606.14(d) - Appeal to Federal Court 1606.15 - Section 9 Renewal Application Combined with Affidavit or Declaration of Use or Excusable Nonuse 1607 - Cancellation of Registrations Under §§14 and 37 of the Trademark Act 1608 - Surrender of Registration for Cancellation 1609 - Amendment and Correction of Registrations 1609.01 - Amendment of Registration - In General 1609.01(a) - Limited Amendments to Registered Extension of Protection 1609.01(b) - Amendment of Registration Resulting from §1 or §44 Application 1609.02 - Amendment of Mark 1609.02(a) - Determining What Constitutes Material Alteration of Mark 1609.02(b) - New Drawing Required 1609.02(c) - Supporting Specimens and Declaration 1609.02(d) - Conforming Amendments 1609.02(e) - Amendment of Black-and-White Drawing of Mark for Which Color Is Claimed to Substitute Color Drawing 1609.02(f) - Amendment of Black-and-White Drawing to Color Drawing 1609.02(g) - Amendment to Special Form Drawing Containing Black, White, and/or Gray 1609.03 - Amendment of Identification 1609.04 - Amendment of Classification 1609.05 - Disclaimer of Mark and Claim of Acquired Distinctiveness 1609.06 - Territorial Restrictions 1609.07 - Dates of Use 1609.08 - Effect of Amendment of Registration on Limitation of Grounds for Cancellation of a Registration 1609.09 - Amendment of Registered Mark from Supplemental to Principal Register Not Permitted 1609.10 - Correction of Mistake in Registration 1609.10(a) - Correction of USPTO Error 1609.10(b) - Correction of Owner’s Error 1609.11 - Change of Owner’s Address Can Be Filed Through TEAS 1609.12 - Amendment of Certification Statement for Certification Marks 1610 - Court Orders Concerning Registrations 1611 - Updating Automated Records to Show the Status of Registrations 1612 - Requirement for Registrant’s Correspondence Email and Domicile Address, Representation, and Attorney Identification Information 1612.01 - Correspondence Email and Domicile Address of Registrant 1612.01(a) - Correspondence Email Address 1612.01(b) - Domicile Address of Mark Owner 1612.02 - Representation Based on Domicile of Mark Owner 1612.03 - Attorney Identification Information 1613 - Affidavit or Declaration of Use in Commerce or Excusable Nonuse Under §71 of the Trademark Act 1613.01 - Registrations to Which §71 Affidavit or Declaration Pertains 1613.02 - Notice of When Affidavit or Declaration Is Due 1613.03 - Form for Filing §71 Affidavit or Declaration 1613.04 - Time for Filing §71 Affidavit or Declaration 1613.05 - Requirements for §71 Affidavit or Declaration of Use or Excusable Nonuse 1613.06 - Fees for §71 Affidavit or Declaration 1613.06(a) - Filing Fee for Affidavit or Declaration 1613.06(b) - Grace Period Surcharge and Deficiency Surcharge 1613.06(c) - Processing Affidavit or Declaration Filed with Insufficient Fees 1613.07 - Ownership and Who May File §71 Affidavit or Declaration 1613.07(a) - Affidavit or Declaration Must Be Filed by Holder 1613.07(b) - Establishing Ownership 1613.07(c) - Changes of Legal Entity 1613.07(d) - Changes of Name 1613.07(e) - Correction of Mistake in Setting Forth the Name of the Holder 1613.08 - Execution of Affidavit or Declaration 1613.08(a) - Persons Who May Sign Affidavit or Declaration 1613.08(b) - Date of Execution of Affidavit or Declaration 1613.08(c) - Signature of Electronically Transmitted Affidavit or Declaration 1613.08(d) - Form and Wording of Verification 1613.09 - Goods/Services/Classes Set Forth in §71 Affidavit or Declaration 1613.09(a) - Goods/Services/Collective Membership Organization Must Be Specified or Expressly Incorporated by Reference 1613.09(b) - Deletion of Goods/Services/Classes 1613.09(c) - Failure to List All Goods/Services/Collective Membership Organization in Registration 1613.09(d) - New Goods and/or Services Cannot Be Added 1613.10 - Use in Commerce 1613.11 - “Excusable Nonuse” of Mark 1613.12 - Specimen Showing Current Use of Mark in Commerce 1613.12(a) - Specimen for Each Class Required 1613.12(b) - Specimens Submission Issues 1613.12(c) - Substitute Specimens 1613.13 - Differences in the Mark as Used on the Specimen and the Mark as Registered 1613.13(a) - Amendment of Mark in Registration 1613.14 - Designation of Domestic Representative by Foreign Holder 1613.15 - Office Actions and Notices Regarding Affidavit or Declaration 1613.16 - Response to Office Action 1613.17 - Correction of Deficiencies in §71 Affidavit or Declaration 1613.17(a) - Correcting Deficiencies in Affidavits or Declarations Timely Filed Within the Periods Set Forth in §71(a) of the Act 1613.17(b) - Correcting Deficiencies in Affidavits or Declarations Filed During the Grace Period 1613.17(c) - Defects That Cannot Be Cured After Expiration of the Grace Period 1613.18 - Petition Under 37 C.F.R. §2.146 1613.18(a) - Response to Examiner’s Refusal Required Before Petition 1613.18(b) - Decision on Petition Is Final Action of the USPTO 1613.18(c) - Request for Reconsideration of Denial of Petition 1613.18(d) - Appeal to Federal Court 1613.19 - Section 71 Affidavit or Declaration Combined with Section 15 Affidavit or Declaration 1613.20 - Additional Requirements for §71 Affidavits or Declarations Pertaining to Collective Marks 1613.20(a) - Exercising Legitimate Control 1613.20(b) - Manner/Method of Control 1613.21 - Additional Requirements for §71 Affidavits or Declarations Pertaining to Certification Marks 1613.21(a) - Certification Standards 1613.21(b) - Exercising Legitimate Control 1613.21(c) - Certification Statement 1613.21(d) - Statement that Holder is Not Engaged in Production or Marketing of the Goods/Services 1613.22 - Post Registration Audit 1613.23 - Correction of §71 Affidavit or Declaration 1614 - Renewal of Registered Extension of Protection 1615 - Division of Registrations 1615.01 - Division of Registration Based on Application Under §1 or §44 of the Trademark Act 1615.02 - Division of Registered Extension of Protection 1616 - Replacement with a Section 66(a) Registration 1700 - Petitions, Requests for Reinstatement, and Other Matters Submitted to Director 1701 - Statutory Authority of Director 1702 - Petitions to the Director Under 37 C.F.R. §2.146 - In General 1703 - Specific Types of Petitions 1704 - Petitionable Subject Matter 1705 - Petition Procedure 1705.01 - Standing 1705.02 - Petition Fee 1705.03 - Evidence and Proof of Facts 1705.04 - Timeliness 1705.05 - Due Diligence 1705.06 - Stay or Suspension of Pending Matters 1705.07 - Requirement for Representation and Signature 1705.07(a) - Requirement for Representation of Non-U.S.-domiciled Petitioner 1705.07(b) - Signature of Petition 1705.08 - Request for Reconsideration of Denial of Petition 1705.09 - Appeal to Federal Court 1706 - Standard of Review on Petition 1707 - Director’s Supervisory Authority Under 37 C.F.R. §2.146(a)(3) 1708 - Waiver of Rules 1708.01 - Petition to Waive Domicile Address Requirement 1709 - Petitions to the Director Under 37 C.F.R. §2.147 to Accept Paper Submissions 1709.01 - TEAS Unavailable on the Date of Filing Deadline 1709.01(a) - TEAS Unavailable Due to Widespread or Lengthy USPTO System Outage 1709.01(b) - TEAS Unavailable Due to Limited or Short-term USPTO System Outage or User’s System Outage 1709.02 - Certain Paper Submissions with Statutory Deadlines 1709.03 - Extraordinary Situation 1710 - Petition to Make Special 1710.01 - Basis for Granting or Denying Petition 1710.02 - Processing Petition 1711 - Review of Denial of Filing Dates 1712 - Reinstatement of Applications and Registrations 1712.01 - Reinstatement of Applications Abandoned Due to USPTO Error 1712.02 - Reinstatement of Registrations Cancelled or Expired 1712.02(a) - Request for Reinstatement Due to USPTO Error 1712.02(b) - Petition to Reinstate a Cancelled Registration and Accept a Late Response to a Post Registration Office Action 1712.02(b)(i) - Time for Filing Petition 1712.02(b)(ii) - Standard of Review 1712.02(b)(iii) - No Authority to Waive Statutory Requirements 1713 - Petition to Reverse Holding of Abandonment of Application for Incomplete Response 1713.01 - Standard of Review 1713.02 - Failure to Respond to Notice of Incomplete Response or Denial of Request for Reconsideration with No Appeal Filed 1714 - Petition to Revive Abandoned Application 1714.01 - Procedural Requirements for Filing Petition to Revive 1714.01(a) - Failure to Timely Respond to an Examining Attorney’s Office Action 1714.01(a)(i) - Response to Nonfinal Office Action 1714.01(a)(ii) - Response to Final Office Action 1714.01(b) - Failure to File a Statement of Use or Extension Request - Notice of Allowance Received 1714.01(b)(i) - Applicant Must File Statement of Use or Further Extension Requests During Pendency of a Petition 1714.01(c) - Notice of Allowance Not Received 1714.01(d) - Timeliness 1714.01(e) - Signed Statement that Delay Was Unintentional 1714.01(f) - Applicability of Unintentional Delay Standard 1714.01(f)(i) - Situations Where the Unintentional Delay Standard Applies 1714.01(f)(ii) - Situations Where the Unintentional Delay Standard Does Not Apply 1714.01(f)(ii)(A) - Holding of Abandonment of an Application for Incomplete Response 1714.01(f)(ii)(B) - Examining Attorney’s Refusal of Registration on Ground That Applicant Did Not Meet Statutory Requirements Before Expiration of Deadline for Filing Statement of Use 1714.01(f)(ii)(C) - Goods/Services Omitted from Statement of Use or Request for Extension of Time to File a Statement of Use 1714.01(f)(ii)(D) - Registered Marks 1714.01(f)(ii)(E) - Dismissal of Appeal for Failure to File a Brief 1714.01(g) - Request for Reconsideration of Denial of Petition to Revive 1715 - Letters of Protest Against Pending Applications 1715.01 - Appropriate and Inappropriate Subjects to Be Raised in Letter of Protest 1715.01(a) - Issues Appropriate as Subjects of Letters of Protest 1715.01(b) - Issues Inappropriate as Subjects of Letters of Protest 1715.02 - Timely Filing of Letter of Protest 1715.03 - Letter of Protest Filed Before Publication 1715.03(a) - Standard of Review for Letter of Protest Filed Before Publication 1715.03(b) - Action by Examining Attorney Before Publication 1715.04 - Letters of Protest Filed on the Date of Publication or After Publication 1715.04(a) - Standard of Review for Letters of Protest Filed on the Date of Publication or After Publication 1715.04(b) - Jurisdiction of Application After Publication 1715.04(c) - Action by Examining Attorney After Publication 1715.04(d) - Letter of Protest Does Not Stay or Extend Opposition Period 1715.05 - Information for Parties Filing Letter of Protest 1715.05(a) - Types of Evidence Appropriate for Letter of Protest 1715.05(b) - Amount and Format of Evidence for Letter of Protest 1715.05(c) - Letter-of-Protest Evidence – Trademark Trial and Appeal Board Proceedings 1715.06 - Requests for Copy of Letter of Protest 1715.07 - Recourse if Letter of Protest Submission is Determined to be Noncompliant 1716 - Petitions for Expungement or Reexamination 1716.01 - Timing for Requesting and Instituting Expungement or Reexamination Proceedings 1716.02 - Petitions to Request Expungement or Reexamination 1716.02(a) - Basis for the Petition 1716.02(b) - Requirements for a Complete Petition 1716.02(c) - Reasonable Investigation Requirement 1716.02(c)(i) - Definition of Reasonable Investigation 1716.02(c)(ii) - Sources of Information and Evidence 1716.02(d) - Notice of Petition for Expungement or Reexamination 1716.03 - Instituting Expungement and Reexamination Proceedings 1716.03(a) - Prima Facie Case of Nonuse 1716.03(b) - Consolidating Proceedings 1716.04 - Procedures for Expungement and Reexamination Proceedings 1716.04(a) - Notice of Institution and Office Action 1716.04(b) - Responding to the Initial Office Action 1716.04(c) - Evidence of Use or Excusable Nonuse 1716.04(d) - Deleting Goods and/or Services or Surrendering the Registration 1716.04(e) - Final Action and Notice of Termination 1716.04(f) - Requesting Reinstatement After Cancellation for Failure to Respond 1716.04(g) - Estoppel 1716.04(h) - Co-pending Proceedings 1800 - Public Inquiries About Applications and Registrations 1801 - USPTO Personnel May Not Express Opinion on Validity of Registered Trademark 1801.01 - USPTO Personnel Cannot Testify 1802 - Congressional and Other Official Inquiries 1803 - Freedom of Information Act Requests 1804 - Inquiries from Members of the Press 1805 - General Inquiries from the Public 1806 - Contacts with Third Parties Regarding Ex Parte Matters 1807 - USPTO Website 1900 - Madrid Protocol 1901 - Overview of the Madrid System of International Registration 1902 - International Application Originating from the United States 1902.01 - Who Can File 1902.02 - Minimum Requirements for Date of Receipt of International Application in USPTO 1902.02(a) - Form of International Application 1902.02(b) - Basic Application or Registration Number 1902.02(c) - Name and Addresses of Applicant 1902.02(d) - Reproduction (Drawing) of Mark 1902.02(e) - Color Claim 1902.02(f) - Identification of Goods/Services 1902.02(f)(i) - House Marks and “Full Line of …” 1902.02(f)(ii) - Providing a Website/Online Portal 1902.02(g) - Classification in International Applications 1902.02(g)(i) - Reclassifying Goods/Services 1902.02(g)(ii) - U. S. Classes A, B, and 200 1902.02(g)(iii) - Kits and Gift Baskets 1902.02(h) - List of Contracting Parties 1902.02(i) - Fees 1902.02(j) - Statement of Entitlement 1902.02(k) - Description of Mark 1902.02(l) - Indication of Type of Mark 1902.02(m) - Email Address of Applicant 1902.03 - Certification of International Application by USPTO 1902.03(a) - Petition to Review Refusal to Certify 1902.03(b) - Petition for an International Application or Registration 1902.04 - Date of International Registration 1902.05 - IB Requirements for Complete International Application 1902.06 - Examination of Application by IB 1902.07 - Irregularities in International Application 1902.07(a) - Irregularities that Must Be Remedied by the USPTO 1902.07(b) - Irregularities that Must Be Remedied by the Applicant – Applicant Must Respond Directly to the IB 1902.07(b)(i) - Fee Irregularities 1902.07(c) - Irregularities that Must Be Remedied by the Applicant – Applicant Must Respond Through the USPTO 1902.07(c)(i) - Classification of Goods/Services 1902.07(c)(ii) - Identification (Indication) of Goods/Services 1902.07(d) - Other Irregularities that Must Be Remedied by Applicant – Applicant May Respond Directly to the IB or Through the USPTO 1902.07(e) - Filing Response Directly with the IB 1902.07(f) - Responding to Notice of Irregularity Through the USPTO 1902.08 - Subsequent Designation - Request for Extension of Protection Subsequent to International Registration 1902.08(a) - USPTO Requirements 1902.08(b) - Form for Filing Subsequent Designation Through the USPTO 1902.08(c) - Fees for Subsequent Designation 1902.08(d) - IB Requirements for Subsequent Designation 1902.08(e) - Irregularities in Subsequent Designation 1902.09 - Dependence and “Central Attack”: Restriction, Abandonment, Cancellation, or Expiration of Basic Application or Registration During First 5 Years 1902.10 - Transformation When the USPTO Is the Office of Origin 1902.11 - Representative 1902.12 - USPTO Must Notify IB of Division or Merger of Basic Application or Registration 1903 - Payment of Fees 1903.01 - Payment of USPTO Fees 1903.02 - Payment of International Fees 1904 - Request for Extension of Protection of International Registration to the United States 1904.01 - Filing Request for Extension of Protection to United States 1904.01(a) - §66(a) Basis for U.S. Applications 1904.01(b) - Filing Date 1904.01(c) - Declaration of Intent to Use Required 1904.01(d) - Use Not Required 1904.01(e) - Priority 1904.01(f) - Filing Fee 1904.01(g) - Constructive Use 1904.01(h) - May Not be Based on USPTO Basic Application or Registration 1904.01(i) - Requirement for Representation Based on Domicile of §66(a) Applicant 1904.01(j) - Requirement for Email Address of §66(a) Applicant 1904.02 - Examination of Request for Extension of Protection to the United States 1904.02(a) - Examined as Regular Application on the Principal Register 1904.02(b) - Examination of Classification of Goods/Services in §66(a) Applications 1904.02(c) - Examination of Identification of Goods/Services in §66(a) Applications 1904.02(c)(i) - Acceptable Identifications of Goods/Services 1904.02(c)(ii) - Indefinite Identification of Goods/Services with Acceptable Options Within the Scope of the Class 1904.02(c)(iii) - Indefinite Identification of Goods/Services that Does Not Include Any Goods/Services Within the Class 1904.02(c)(iv) - Examination of Proposed Amendments and Issuance of Final Requirements for an Acceptable Identification 1904.02(c)(v) - Effect of Indicated Classes – No Precedential Value on Later-Filed Applications 1904.02(d) - Examination Issues Specific to Certification and Collective Marks 1904.02(e) - Corrections to an International Registration 1904.02(e)(i) - Corrections to Goods/Services/Classes 1904.02(f) - Restrictions to Goods/Services 1904.02(f)(i) - Limitations to Goods/Services 1904.02(f)(ii) - Limitations vs. Amendments to Goods and Services 1904.02(f)(iii) - Partial Cancellation of an International Registration 1904.02(f)(iv) - Partial Ceasing of Effect of a Basic Application/Registration 1904.02(g) - Refusal Must Be Made Within 18 Months 1904.02(h) - Office Actions and Responses 1904.02(i) - Correspondence Address 1904.02(j) - Mark May Not Be Amended 1904.02(k) - Drawings and Descriptions of the Mark 1904.02(l) - Jurisdiction 1904.03 - Notice of Refusal 1904.03(a) - Notice Must Be Sent Within 18 Months 1904.03(b) - Requirements for Notice of Refusal 1904.03(c) - §66(a) Applicant Must Respond to Notification of Provisional Refusal 1904.03(d) - Refusal Pertaining to Less than All the Goods/Services 1904.03(e) - Confirmation or Withdrawal of Provisional Refusal 1904.03(f) - Notification of Correction in the International Register with Respect to a Pending Request for Extension of Protection 1904.03(g) - Notification of Restrictions to Goods/Services with Respect to a Pending Request for Extension of Protection 1904.03(g)(i) - Limitations to Goods/Services 1904.03(g)(ii) - Partial Cancellation of an International Registration 1904.03(g)(iii) - Partial Ceasing of Effect of a Basic Mark 1904.04 - Opposition 1904.05 - Certificate of Extension of Protection 1904.06 - Assignment of Extension of Protection to the United States 1904.07 - Invalidation of Protection in United States 1904.07(a) - Invalidation Resulting From Cancellation Due to Third-Party Challenge 1904.07(b) - Invalidation Resulting From Cancellation for Failure to File §71 Affidavit or Declaration 1904.07(c) - Invalidation Resulting From Voluntary Surrender of Registered Extension of Protection 1904.07(d) - Invalidation Resulting from Expungement Proceedings 1904.07(e) - Issuance of Notice of Invalidation to the International Bureau 1904.08 - Cancellation of International Registration by IB 1904.09 - Transformation to Application Under §1 or §44 1904.09(a) - Requirements for Transformation 1904.09(b) - Examination of Transformed Application 1904.10 - Affidavits of Use or Excusable Nonuse Required 1904.11 - Incontestability 1904.12 - Replacement 1904.13 - Amendment and Correction of Registered Extension of Protection to the United States 1904.13(a) - Limited Amendments to Registered Extension of Protection 1904.13(b) - Corrections to Registered Extensions of Protection 1904.14 - Notification of Correction in the International Register with Respect to Registered Extension of Protection 1904.15 - Notification of Restrictions to Goods/Services with Respect to a Registered Extension of Protection 1904.15(a) - Limitations to Goods/Services 1904.15(b) - Partial Cancellation of an International Registration 1904.15(c) - Partial Ceasing of Effect of an International Registration 1905 - Renewal of International Registrations 1906 - Communications with International Bureau Regarding International Registrations 1906.01 - Recording Changes in International Register 1906.01(a) - Change in Ownership of International Registration 1906.01(a)(i) - Requirements for Submitting Changes in Ownership of International Registration Through the USPTO 1906.01(a)(ii) - International Fees for Recording Changes of Ownership of International Registration 1906.01(a)(iii) - Effect of Change of Ownership of International Registration 1906.01(a)(iv) - Dividing an International Registration After Change of Ownership with Respect to Some but Not All of the Goods/Services 1906.01(b) - Restriction of Holder’s Rights of Disposal 1906.01(c) - Change of the Holder’s Name or Address 1906.01(d) - Change of Name or Address of Representative 1906.01(e) - Limitation, Cancellation, or Renunciation of an International Registration 1906.01(f) - Correction of Errors in International Registration 1906.01(g) - Merger of International Registrations 1906.01(h) - License 1906.01(i) - Changes that Cannot Be Made to International Registration Appendix A - Examining Attorneys’ Appeal Briefs Appendix B - Members of International Trademark Agreements Appendix C - Notes of Other Statutes Appendix D - Foreign Entity Appendix Appendix E - Countries That Have Standard Character Marks or the Equivalent TMEP - Subject Matter Index A - Subject Matter Index B - Subject Matter Index C - Subject Matter Index D - Subject Matter Index E - Subject Matter Index F - Subject Matter Index G - Subject Matter Index H - Subject Matter Index I - Subject Matter Index J - Subject Matter Index K - Subject Matter Index L - Subject Matter Index M - Subject Matter Index N - Subject Matter Index O - Subject Matter Index P - Subject Matter Index Q - Subject Matter Index R - Subject Matter Index S - Subject Matter Index T - Subject Matter Index U - Subject Matter Index V - Subject Matter Index W - Subject Matter Index X - Subject Matter Index Y - Subject Matter Index Z - Subject Matter Index