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Foreword - TRADEMARK MANUAL OF EXAMINING PROCEDURE (TMEP) Introduction - Constitutional Basis Change Summary - CHANGES: INDEX TO CHANGES IN TMEP May 2024 Instructions Page - TRADEMARK MANUAL OF EXAMINING PROCEDURE 0100 - General Information 101 - Trademark Statute and Rules 102 - U.S. Patent and Trademark Office Website 103 - Trademark Documents 104 - Trademark Search Systems 105 - General Information About Trademarks 106 - The Official Gazette 107 - Trademark Manuals 108 - Status Inquiries 108.01 - Trademark Status and Document Retrieval (TSDR) Database 108.02 - Trademark Assistance Center (TAC) 108.03 - Due Diligence: Duty to Monitor Status 109 - Access to Records 109.01 - Electronic Image Records 109.02 - Paper Files 109.03 - Making Copies of Materials in Records 110 - Decisions Available to the Public 111 - Requests for Copies of Trademark Documents 112 - Patent and Trademark Resource Centers 0200 - Application Filing Date 201 - What Constitutes a Filing Date 201.01 - Effective Filing Date Controls for Purposes of Determining Priority for Publication or Issue 201.02 - Constructive Use Priority 202 - Requirements for Receiving a Filing Date 202.01 - Clear Drawing of the Mark 202.02 - Listing of Recognizable Goods or Services 202.03 - Filing Fee for at Least One Class of Goods or Services 202.03(a) - Fee Payment Refused or Charged Back by Financial Institution 202.03(a)(i) - Processing Fee for Payment Refused or Charged Back by Financial Institution 203 - Review for Compliance with Minimum Requirements 204 - Defective or Informal Applications 204.01 - Filing Date Cancelled if Minimum Filing Requirements Not Met 204.02 - Resubmission of Applications and Request to Restore Filing Date 204.03 - Examining Attorney’s Handling of Applications that Are Erroneously Accorded a Filing Date 205 - Filing Date Is Not Normally Changed 206 - Effective Filing Date 206.01 - Amendment of §1(b) Application from Principal Register to Supplemental Register upon Filing of Allegation of Use 206.02 - Application Claiming Priority under §44(d) or §67 206.03 - Applications Filed before November 16, 1989 that Are Amended to the Supplemental Register on or after November 16, 1989 206.04 - Examining Attorney’s Action after Conducting New Search When the Effective Filing Date Changes to a Later Date 0300 - Filing and Receipt of Documents 301 - Filing Documents 301.01 - Electronic Filing Is Mandatory 301.01(a) - Trademark Electronic Application System (TEAS) 301.01(b) - TEAS Availability 301.02 - Limited Exceptions for Paper Submissions 301.02(a) - Treaty-exempt Filers under International Agreements 301.02(b) - Specimens for Scent, Flavor, or Similar Non-Traditional Marks 301.02(c) - Petition to Accept a Paper Submission 301.02(d) - Postal Service Interruption or Emergency 301.02(e) - Applications Filed under Trademark Action Section 66(a) 301.02(f) - 302 - Trademark Correspondence - In General 302.01 - Duplicate Documents Should Not Be Filed 302.02 - Identifying the Type of Document Filed 302.02(a) - Correspondence Pertaining to Trademark Applications 302.02(b) - Correspondence Pertaining to Trademark Registrations 303 - Filing Date of Trademark Correspondence 303.01 - Filing Date for Electronic Submissions 303.02 - Acknowledgment of Receipt by USPTO 303.02(a) - TEAS “Success” Page 303.02(b) - Permitted Paper Filings: USPTO 303.02(c) - Permitted Paper Filings: Filer-provided Postcard Receipt 304 - Email 304.01 - Informal Communication Acceptable via Email 304.02 - Formal Communications Not Acceptable via Email 304.03 - Official Email Correspondence from the USPTO 305 - Permitted Paper Filings: Mailing Documents to the USPTO 305.01 - Mailing Addresses 305.02 - Certificate of Mailing Procedure 305.02(a) - When Certificate of Mailing Procedure May Be Used 305.02(b) - Mailing Requirements 305.02(c) - Location and Form of Certificate 305.02(d) - Wording of Certificate of Mailing 305.02(e) - Effect of Certificate of Mailing 305.02(f) - Correspondence Mailed Pursuant to 37 C.F.R. §2.197 but Not Received by USPTO 305.02(g) - Correspondence Deposited as First-class Mail Pursuant to 37 C.F.R. §2.197 and Returned by the U.S. Postal Service 305.02(h) - Certificate of Mailing Requirements Strictly Enforced 305.03 - Priority Mail Express® 305.03(a) - Filing Date When Priority Mail Express® Is Used 305.03(b) - Discrepancy between Filing Date and “Date Accepted” 305.03(c) - Incorrectly Entered “Date Accepted” 305.03(d) - Correspondence Not Received by the USPTO 305.03(e) - Certificate of Mailing under 37 C.F.R. §2.197 for Documents Sent by Priority Mail Express® 305.04 - Interruptions in U.S. Postal Service 306 - Facsimile (Fax) Submissions 307 - Hand Delivery 308 - Period Ending on Saturday, Sunday, or Federal Holiday 309 - Unscheduled Closings of the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office 310 - Computing Period for Response to Office Action or Notice 0400 - Processing Documents and Fees 401 - Processing New Applications 401.01 - Filing Receipts 401.02 - Application Serial Numbers 401.03 - Creation of Application Records 402 - Electronic Application and Registration Records 402.01 - USPTO Does Not Create Paper Copies of Trademark-Related Documents 403 - USPTO Correspondence Returned as Undeliverable 404 - Documents Not Returnable 405 - Fees 405.01 - Credit Cards 405.02 - Checks 405.03 - Deposit Accounts 405.04 - Refunds 405.05 - Electronic Funds Transfer 405.06 - Payments Refused or Charged Back by Financial Institutions 0500 - Change of Ownership 501 - Assignment of Marks 501.01 - Assignability of Marks in Applications and Registrations 501.01(a) - Assignability of Intent-to-Use Applications 501.01(b) - Assignability of Extensions of Protection of International Registrations to the United States 501.02 - Assignments Must Be in Writing 501.03 - Effect of Failure to Record Assignment 501.04 - Foreign Assignee May Designate Domestic Representative 501.05 - Assignee Stands in Place of Applicant or Registrant 501.06 - Partial Assignments 501.07 - Assignment of Extension of Protection of International Registration to the United States 502 - Establishing Ownership of Applications or Registrations 502.01 - Establishing the Right to Take Action in Application or Registration 502.02 - Pending Applications - Issuance of Registration Certificate in Name of Assignee or in Applicant’s New Name 502.02(a) - Applications Under Trademark Act §1 and §44 502.02(b) - Applications Under Trademark Act §66(a) 502.02(c) - Examining Attorney’s Action Regarding Assignment 502.03 - Issuance of New Certificate to Assignee of Registrant 503 - Recording with Assignment Recordation Branch 503.01 - Effect of Recording a Document 503.01(a) - Recording May Not Update Ownership Information 503.01(b) - Recording Does Not Update Correspondence Address in Trademark Database 503.01(c) - Recording Is Not a Determination of Validity 503.01(d) - Recording Does Not Constitute Response to Office Action 503.01(e) - Conditional Assignment 503.02 - Documents that the Office Will Record 503.03 - Requirements for Recording 503.03(a) - Formal Requirements for Recording Documents 503.03(b) - Supporting Documents 503.03(c) - English Language Requirement 503.03(d) - Fee for Recording 503.03(e) - Cover Sheet 503.04 - Mailing Address for Submitting Paper Documents for Recording 503.05 - Recording Procedure and Recordation Date 503.06 - Correction of Errors in Cover Sheet or Recorded Document 503.06(a) - Typographical Errors in Cover Sheet 503.06(a)(i) - Typographical Errors in Cover Sheet that Do Not Affect Title to Application or Registration 503.06(a)(ii) - Typographical Errors in Cover Sheet that Do Affect Title to Application or Registration 503.06(b) - Typographical Errors in Recorded Assignment Document 503.06(c) - Assignment, Change of Name, or Other Interest Improperly Filed and Recorded by Another Person Against Owner’s Application or Registration 503.06(d) - Owner Must Notify Trademark Operation of Correction 503.06(e) - Recorded Documents Not Removed from Assignment Records 503.06(f) - Petitions to Correct or “Expunge” Assignment Records 503.07 - “Indexing” Against Recorded Document Not Permitted 503.08 - Accessibility of Assignment Records 503.08(a) - Trademark Assignment Abstracts of Title 504 - Automatic Updating of Ownership of Trademark Applications and Registrations in Trademark Database 504.01 - Circumstances in Which Trademark Database Will Not Be Automatically Updated 504.02 - Processing Time for Automatic Updating 504.03 - Correction to Automatic Update - Last Recorded Owner Does Not Have Clear Chain of Title 504.04 - Automatic Updating Does Not Apply to §66(a) Applications and Registered Extensions of Protection 505 - Requesting Update of Ownership Information When the Trademark Database Does Not Automatically Update After a Document Is Recorded 505.01 - Request to Update Ownership Information in Pending Application 505.02 - Request to Update Ownership Information After Registration 0600 - Attorney, Representative, Correspondence, and Signature 601 - Requirement for Representation Based on Domicile of Mark Owner 601.01 - Determining an Owner’s Domicile 601.01(a) - Owners with a Non-U.S. Domicile 601.01(b) - Owners with a U.S. Domicile 601.01(c) - Examination Procedures for Reviewing Domicile Addresses 601.01(c)(i) - Determining the Acceptability of Domicile Addresses 601.01(c)(ii) - Evaluating a New Domicile Address Provided in Response to a Domicile Address Requirement 601.01(c)(iii) - Reviewing General Arguments or Evidence Provided in Response to a Domicile Address Requirement 601.01(c)(iv) - Reviewing “No Fixed Physical Address” Explanation 601.01(c)(iv)(A) - Response Options for Applicants or Registrants with “No Fixed Physical Address” 601.01(c)(iv)(B) - Reviewing the Name, Title, and Domicile Address of an Individual with Legal Authority to Bind the Juristic Entity 601.01(c)(v) - Checking the Record for a Petition to the Director to Waive the Domicile Address Requirement 601.01(d) - Domicile Address Must Be Kept Current 601.01(e) - Hiding the Domicile Address 601.02 - Communications with Applicant or Registrant Who Is Represented by an Attorney 602 - Persons Authorized to Practice Before USPTO in Trademark Matters 602.01 - Attorneys Licensed to Practice in the United States 602.01(a) - Attorney Identification Information Required 602.01(b) - Invalid Attorney Identification Information 602.02 - Non-Attorneys 602.03 - Foreign Attorneys and Agents 602.03(a) - Canadian Trademark Attorneys and Agents 602.03(b) - Documents Filed by Foreign Attorneys and Agents Not Reciprocally Recognized 602.03(c) - Representatives of Holders of International Registrations 603 - Standards of Conduct 604 - Recognition as a Representative 604.01 - Three Ways to Be Recognized as a Representative 604.02 - Attorney Bar Information Required 604.03 - Duration of Recognition 604.04 - Change of Attorney 605 - Powers of Attorney 605.01 - Requirements for Power of Attorney 605.02 - Power of Attorney Relating to More than One Application or Registration 605.03 - Associate Powers of Attorney 605.04 - Power of Attorney Filed After Registration 606 - Revocation of Power of Attorney 607 - Withdrawal of Attorney of Record 608 - Unauthorized Practice 608.01 - Actions by Unauthorized Persons Not Permitted 608.02 - Individuals Excluded, Suspended, or Unauthorized to Practice Before the USPTO 609 - Correspondence, with Whom Held 609.01 - Establishing the Correspondence Address 609.01(a) - Correspondence in Section 66(a) Applications and Registrations 609.02 - Changing the Correspondence Address 609.02(a) - When the Correspondence Address May be Changed Without Using the TEAS Change of Address or Representation Form 609.02(b) - Requirements for Request to Change Correspondence Address 609.02(c) - Processing Requests to Change the Correspondence Address Before Registration 609.02(d) - Changing the Correspondence Address in Multiple Applications or Registrations 609.02(e) - Changing the Correspondence Address After Registration 609.02(f) - Correspondence After Recordation of Change of Ownership 609.03 - Applicant and Registrant Have Duty to Maintain Current and Accurate Correspondence Address 610 - Designation of Domestic Representative by Parties Not Domiciled in the United States 611 - Signature on Correspondence Filed in the United States Patent and Trademark Office 611.01 - Signature and Certificate 611.01(a) - Signature as Certificate 611.01(b) - Requirements for Signature 611.01(c) - Signature of Documents Filed Electronically 611.01(c)(i) - Electronic Signatures Generated Using Document-signing Software 611.01(c)(ii) - Requirements for Electronic Signatures Generated Using Document-signing Software 611.02 - Signatures by Authorized Parties Required 611.02(a) - TEAS Signature Radio Buttons 611.03 - Proper Person to Sign 611.03(a) - Verification 611.03(b) - Responses, Amendments to Applications, Requests for Express Abandonment, Requests for Reconsideration of Final Actions, and Requests to Divide 611.03(c) - Powers of Attorney and Revocations of Powers of Attorney 611.03(d) - Petitions to Revive 611.03(e) - Petitions to the Director 611.03(f) - Amendment, Correction, or Surrender of Registration 611.03(g) - Renewal Applications 611.03(h) - Designations and Revocations of Domestic Representative 611.03(i) - Requests to Change Correspondence Address in an Application or Registration 611.04 - Examples of Authorized and Potentially Unauthorized Signatories 611.05 - Processing Documents Signed by an Improper Party 611.05(a) - Notice of Incomplete Response when Authority of Person Signing Response Is Unclear 611.05(b) - Replying to a Notice of Incomplete Response 611.05(c) - Unsatisfactory Response or Failure to Respond 611.06 - Guidelines on Persons with Legal Authority to Bind Certain Juristic Entities 611.06(a) - Joint Owners 611.06(b) - Signature by Partnership 611.06(c) - Signature by Joint Venture 611.06(d) - Signature by Corporation 611.06(e) - Signature by Foreign Companies and Corporations 611.06(f) - Signature by Unincorporated Association 611.06(g) - Signature by Limited Liability Company 611.06(h) - Signature by Limited Liability Partnership 0700 - Procedure for Examining Applications 701 - Statutory Authority for Examination 702 - Order of Work 702.01 - Order of Examination 702.02 - “Special” Applications 702.03 - Related Applications 702.03(a) - Companion Applications 702.03(a)(i) - Companion Applications Not Previously Assigned for the Same or Similar Marks 702.03(a)(ii) - Companion Applications Previously Assigned 702.03(a)(iii) - Companion Registrations 702.03(a)(iv) - Classification and Identification in Companion Applications that Have Registered or Been Published for Opposition 702.03(b) - Conflicting Applications 703 - USPTO Does Not Issue Duplicate Registrations 704 - Initial Examination 704.01 - Initial Examination Must Be Complete 704.02 - Examining Attorney’s Search 704.03 - Supervisory Examining Attorney May Indicate Action for Non-Signatory Examining Attorney 705 - The Examining Attorney’s Letter or Action 705.01 - Language in Examining Attorney’s Letter 705.02 - Examining Attorneys Should Not Volunteer Statements 705.03 - Citation of Conflicting Marks 705.04 - Reference to Matter in Printed or Online Publications 705.05 - Citation of Decisions and USPTO Publications 705.06 - Reviewing and Signing of Letters 705.07 - Processing Outgoing Office Actions 705.08 - Response Clause 706 - New Matter Raised by Examining Attorney After First Action 706.01 - Clear Error 707 - Examiner’s Amendment 707.01 - Approval of Examiner’s Amendment by Applicant or Applicant’s Attorney 707.02 - Examiner’s Amendment Without Prior Authorization by Applicant or Applicant’s Attorney 707.03 - Form of the Examiner’s Amendment 708 - Priority Action 708.01 - Priority Action Defined 708.02 - Discussion of Issues and Agreements 708.03 - Form of the Priority Action 708.04 - Refusal of Registration in Priority Action 708.05 - Combined Examiner’s Amendment and Priority Action 709 - Interviews 709.01 - Personal Interviews 709.02 - Persons With Whom the Examining Attorney May Discuss the Application in an Interview 709.03 - Making Substance of Interview of Record 709.04 - Telephone and Email Communications 709.05 - Informal Communications 709.06 - Interviews Prior to Filing Application 709.07 - Decorum Required in Communications with the Office 710 - Evidence 710.01 - Evidence Supporting Refusal or Requirement 710.01(a) - Evidence from Research Database 710.01(b) - Internet Evidence 710.01(c) - Record Must Be Complete Prior to Appeal 710.02 - Search for Evidence Indicating No Refusal or Requirement Necessary 710.03 - Evidence of Third-Party Registrations 711 - Deadline for Response to Office Action 711.01 - Request for Extension of Time to Respond 711.01(a) - Requirements for Request for Extension of Time to Respond 711.01(b) - Time for Filing a Request for Extension of Time to Respond 711.02 - Time May Run from Previous Action 711.03 - Supplemental Office Action Resetting Response Period 712 - Signature on Response to Office Action 712.01 - Persons Who May Sign Response 712.02 - Unsigned Response 712.03 - Response Signed by an Improper Person 713 - Examination of Amendments and Responses to Office Actions 713.01 - Previous Action by Different Examining Attorney 713.02 - Noting All Outstanding Refusals or Requirements 713.03 - Response to Applicant’s Arguments in Nonfinal Actions 714 - Final Action 714.01 - Not Permissible on First Action 714.02 - Not Permissible on Suspension 714.03 - When Final Action is Appropriate 714.04 - Form of the Final Action 714.05 - Delineating New Issues Requiring Issuance of Nonfinal Action 714.05(a) - When an Amendment Proposed By Applicant Requires a New Nonfinal Action 714.05(a)(i) - Amendment to Supplemental Register or Submission of Claim of Acquired Distinctiveness 714.05(a)(ii) - Amendment of Identification of Goods/Services 714.05(b) - Section 2(d) Refusal Based on Earlier-Filed Application that Has Matured Into Registration 714.05(c) - Advisory Statement Cannot Serve as Foundation for Final Refusal or Requirement 714.05(d) - Submission of Consent Agreement or Assertion of Unity of Control in Response to §2(d) Refusal 714.05(e) - Submission of Substitute Specimen in Response to Refusal for Failure to Show Use of the Mark in Commerce 714.05(f) - Submission of Substitute Specimen in Response to Refusal for Failure to Show the Applied-For Mark Functioning as a Mark 714.06 - Applicant’s Recourse When Final Action is Premature 715 - Action After Issuance of Final Action 715.01 - Proper Response to Final Action 715.02 - Action After Final Action 715.03 - Request for Reconsideration After Final Action 715.03(a) - Examining Attorney’s Action When No New Issue or No Significantly Different Evidence Is Presented in Request for Reconsideration and No Notice of Appeal Has Been Filed 715.03(a)(i) - Request for Reconsideration Resolves All Outstanding Issues and No Notice of Appeal Has Been Filed 715.03(a)(ii) - Request for Reconsideration Does Not Resolve All Outstanding Issues and No Notice of Appeal Has Been Filed 715.03(a)(ii)(A) - Prior Amendment Withdrawn 715.03(a)(ii)(B) - Outstanding Refusals and/or Requirements Must Be Continued, Time Remains in Response Period for Applicant to Appeal, and No Notice of Appeal Has Been Filed 715.03(a)(ii)(C) - Outstanding Refusals and/or Requirements May Be Resolved if Applicant Is Given 30 Days or Time Remaining in Response Period to Comply with Issues 715.03(a)(ii)(D) - Outstanding Refusals and/or Requirements Must Be Continued, Time for Appeal Has Expired, and No Notice of Appeal Has Been Filed – Abandon for Incomplete Response 715.03(a)(ii)(E) - Responses After Final Refusal Signed by Unauthorized Persons, Unsigned Responses, TEAS Responses Consisting Solely of a Signature, and TEAS Responses Missing Significant Data or Attachments 715.03(b) - Examining Attorney’s Action When New Issue or New Evidence Is Presented in Request for Reconsideration and No Notice of Appeal Has Been Filed 715.03(c) - Time for Appeal Runs from Issue Date of Final Action 715.04 - Request for Reconsideration Filed in Conjunction with Notice of Appeal 715.04(a) - Examining Attorney's Action When No New Issue Is Presented in Request for Reconsideration and Notice of Appeal Has Been Filed 715.04(b) - Examining Attorney's Action When New Issue or New Evidence is Presented and Notice of Appeal Has Been Filed 716 - Suspension of Action by USPTO 716.01 - Form of Suspension Notice 716.02 - Circumstances Under Which Action May Be Suspended 716.02(a) - Applicant’s Petition to Cancel Cited Registration 716.02(b) - Submission of Copy of Foreign Registration in §44(d) Application 716.02(c) - Conflicting Marks in Pending Applications 716.02(d) - Inter Partes or Court Proceeding 716.02(e) - Pending Cancellation or Expiration of Cited Registration 716.02(f) - Pending Expiration of “Insurance” Extension Request 716.02(g) - Pending Receipt of a Correction, Limitation, Assignment, or other Change to the International Record from the International Bureau 716.02(h) - Pending Recordation of an Assignment Document 716.02(i) - Pending Registry Agreement with ICANN for Marks Comprised Solely of gTLDs for Domain Registry Operator and Domain Name Registrar Services 716.02(j) - Pending Disposition of Expungement or Reexamination Proceedings 716.02(k) - Pending Disposition of Post Registration Audit 716.02(l) - Pending Decision on a Petition to Waive the Domicile Address Requirement 716.03 - Applicant’s Arguments Against Suspension 716.04 - Suspended Docket Checked 716.05 - Inquiry by Examining Attorney Regarding Suspended Application 716.06 - Suspension After Final Action 717 - Reissuing an Office Action 717.01 - Email Notice of Office Action Undeliverable 717.02 - Permitted Paper Filings: Non-Receipt of Mailed Office Action 718 - Abandonment 718.01 - Express Abandonment by Applicant or Applicant’s Attorney 718.02 - Failure by Applicant to Take Required Action During the Relevant Response Period 718.02(a) - Partial Abandonment 718.03 - Incomplete Response 718.03(a) - Holding of Abandonment for Failure to Respond Completely 718.03(b) - Granting Additional Time to Perfect Response 718.04 - Failure to File Statement of Use 718.05 - Failure to Perfect Appeal 718.06 - Notice of Abandonment for Failure to Respond 718.07 - Revival or Reinstatement of Abandoned Application - New Search Required 719 - Non-Responsive Communications 720 - Fraudulent Filings 0800 - Application Requirements 801 - Types of Applications 801.01 - Single or Combined Application 801.01(a) - Single (Single-Class) Application 801.01(b) - Combined (Multiple-Class) Application 801.02 - Principal Register or Supplemental Register 801.02(a) - Act of 1946, Principal Register 801.02(b) - Act of 1946, Supplemental Register 802 - Application Form 803 - Applicant 803.01 - Who May Apply 803.02 - Name of Applicant 803.02(a) - Individual 803.02(b) - Partnership, Joint Venture, or Other “Firm” 803.02(c) - Corporation and Association 803.03 - Legal Entity of Applicant 803.03(a) - Individual or Sole Proprietorship 803.03(b) - Partnership, Joint Venture, or Other “Firm” 803.03(c) - Corporation, Association, Organization, and Company 803.03(d) - Joint Applicants 803.03(e) - Trusts, Conservatorships, and Estates 803.03(e)(i) - Business Trusts 803.03(f) - Governmental Bodies and Universities 803.03(g) - Banking Institutions 803.03(h) - Limited Liability Companies 803.03(i) - Common Terms Designating Entity of Foreign Applicants 803.03(j) - Federally Recognized Indian Tribe 803.03(k) - Limited Liability Partnerships 803.04 - Citizenship of Applicant 803.05 - Domicile and Email Addresses of Applicant 803.05(a) - Domicile Address 803.05(b) - Email Address 803.06 - Applicant May Not Be Changed 804 - Verification and Signature 804.01 - Form and Wording of Verification in §1 or §44 Application 804.01(a) - Verification with Oath 804.01(a)(i) - Verification Made in Foreign Country 804.01(b) - Declaration in Lieu of Oath 804.02 - Averments Required in Verification of Application for Registration - §1 or §44 Application 804.03 - Time Between Execution and Filing of Documents - §1 or §44 Application 804.04 - Persons Authorized to Sign Verification or Declaration 804.05 - Verification of §66(a) Application 805 - Identification and Classification of Goods and Services 806 - Filing Basis 806.01 - Requirements for Establishing a Basis 806.01(a) - Use in Commerce - §1(a) 806.01(b) - Intent-to-Use - §1(b) 806.01(c) - Foreign Priority - §44(d) 806.01(d) - Foreign Registration - §44(e) 806.01(e) - Extension of Protection of International Registration - §66(a) 806.02 - Multiple Bases 806.02(a) - Procedure for Asserting More Than One Basis 806.02(b) - Applicant May File Under Both §1(a) and §1(b) in the Same Application 806.02(c) - Examination of Specimens of Use in a Multiple-Basis Application 806.02(d) - Abandonment of Multiple-Basis Applications 806.02(d)(i) - Abandonment for Failure to Respond to an Office Action 806.02(d)(ii) - Abandonment for Failure to Respond to a Notice of Allowance 806.02(e) - Allegation of Bona Fide Intention to Use Mark in Commerce Required Even if Application Is Based on Both §44 and §1(a) 806.02(f) - Section 44(d) Combined With Other Bases 806.02(g) - Not Necessary to Repeat Allegation of Bona Fide Intention to Use Mark in Commerce in Multiple-Basis Application 806.03 - Amendments to Add or Substitute a Basis 806.03(a) - When Basis Can be Changed 806.03(b) - Applicant May Add or Substitute a §44(d) Basis Only Within Six-Month Priority Period 806.03(c) - Amendment From §1(a) to §1(b) 806.03(d) - Amendment From §44 to §1(b) 806.03(e) - Allegation of Use Required to Amend From §1(b) to §1(a) 806.03(f) - Use in Commerce as of Application Filing Date Required to Add or Substitute §1(a) as a Basis in §44 Application 806.03(g) - Amendment From §1(b) to §44 806.03(h) - Effect of Substitution of Basis on Application Filing Date 806.03(i) - Verification of Amendment Required 806.03(j) - Petition to Amend Basis After Publication - §1 or §44 Application 806.03(j)(i) - Amending the Basis of a §1(b) Application After Publication But Before Issuance of Notice of Allowance 806.03(j)(ii) - Amending the Basis of a §1(b) Application Between Issuance of Notice of Allowance and Filing of Statement of Use 806.03(j)(iii) - Amending the Basis of a §1(b) Application After Filing of Statement of Use But Before Approval for Registration 806.03(k) - Basis May Not Be Changed in §66(a) Application 806.03(l) - §66(a) Basis May Not Be Added to §1 or §44 Application 806.04 - Deleting a Basis 806.04(a) - Deletion of §1(b) Basis After Publication or Issuance of the Notice of Allowance 806.04(b) - Retention of §44(d) Priority Filing Date Without Perfecting §44(e) Basis 806.05 - Review of Basis Prior to Publication or Issue 807 - Drawing 807.01 - Drawing Must Show Only One Mark 807.02 - Drawing Must Be Limited to Mark 807.03 - Standard Character Drawings 807.03(a) - Requirements for Standard Character Drawings 807.03(b) - List of Standard Characters 807.03(c) - Drawings Containing Both a Standard Character Claim and Designs or Other Elements 807.03(d) - Changing From Special Form Elements to Standard Characters, or the Reverse, May be a Material Alteration 807.03(e) - Standard Character Drawing and Specimen of Use 807.03(f) - Standard Character Drawing and Foreign Registration 807.03(g) - Drawings in “Typed” Format With No Standard Character Claim 807.03(h) - Drawings Where the Format Is Unclear 807.03(i) - Typed Drawings 807.04 - Special Form Drawings 807.04(a) - Characteristics of Special Form Drawings 807.04(b) - When Special Form Drawing Is Required 807.05 - Drawings in TEAS 807.05(a) - Standard Character Drawings in TEAS 807.05(a)(i) - Long Standard Character Marks in TEAS 807.05(b) - Special Form Drawings in TEAS 807.05(c) - Requirements for Digitized Images 807.06 - Paper Drawings 807.06(a) - Type of Paper and Size of Mark 807.06(b) - Long Marks in Standard Character Drawings 807.07 - Color in the Mark 807.07(a) - Requirements for Color Drawings 807.07(a)(i) - Color Must Be Claimed as a Feature of the Mark 807.07(a)(ii) - Applicant Must Specify the Location of the Colors Claimed 807.07(b) - Color Drawings Filed Without a Color Claim 807.07(c) - Color Drawings Filed With an Incorrect Color Claim 807.07(d) - Color Drawings that Contain Black, White, or Gray 807.07(d)(i) - Applications Under §1 807.07(d)(ii) - Applications Under §44 807.07(d)(iii) - Applications Under §66(a) 807.07(e) - Black-and-White Drawings and Color Claims 807.07(f) - Black-and-White Drawings that Contain Gray or Black-and-White Drawings with a Mark Description that Refers to Black, White, or Gray 807.07(f)(i) - TEAS Standard, TEAS Plus, and §66(a) Applications 807.07(f)(ii) - Applications Filed on Paper 807.07(g) - Drawings in Applications Filed Before November 2, 2003 807.08 - Broken Lines to Show Placement 807.09 - “Drawing” of Sound, Scent, or Non-Visual Mark 807.10 - Three-Dimensional Marks 807.11 - Marks with Motion 807.12 - Mark on Drawing Must Agree with Mark on Specimen or Foreign Registration 807.12(a) - Applications Under §1 of the Trademark Act 807.12(a)(i) - Role of Punctuation in Determining Whether Mark on Drawing Agrees with Mark on Specimen 807.12(a)(ii) - Punctuation on the Drawing but Not on the Specimen 807.12(a)(iii) - Punctuation on the Specimen but Not on the Drawing 807.12(b) - Applications Under §44 of the Trademark Act 807.12(c) - Applications Under §66(a) of the Trademark Act 807.12(d) - Mutilation or Incomplete Representation of Mark 807.12(e) - Compound Word Marks and Telescoped Marks 807.13 - Amendment of Mark 807.13(a) - Amendment of Mark in Applications Under §1 and §44 807.13(b) - Mark in §66(a) Application Cannot be Amended 807.14 - Material Alteration of Mark 807.14(a) - Removal or Deletion of Matter from Drawing 807.14(b) - Addition or Deletion of Previously Registered Matter 807.14(c) - Addition or Deletion of Punctuation 807.14(d) - Amendments to Correct “Internal Inconsistencies” 807.14(e) - Amendments to Color Features of Marks 807.14(e)(i) - Black-and-White Drawings 807.14(e)(ii) - Marks that Include Color and Other Elements 807.14(e)(iii) - Color Marks 807.14(f) - Material Alteration: Case References 807.15 - Substitute Drawings 807.16 - Amendment of Drawings by the USPTO 807.17 - Procedures for Processing Unacceptable Amendments to Drawings 807.18 - Mark Drawing Code 808 - Description of Mark 808.01 - Guidelines for Requiring Description 808.01(a) - Meaning of Term in Mark 808.01(b) - Lining and Stippling Statements for Drawings 808.02 - Description Must Be Accurate and Concise 808.03 - Examination Procedure for Descriptions 808.03(a) - Accurate and Complete Descriptions 808.03(b) - No Description in Application 808.03(c) - Accurate but Incomplete Description in Application or Amendment 808.03(c)(i) - Accurate but Incomplete Descriptions in Cases Where a Description Is Needed to Clarify the Mark and Must Be Published 808.03(c)(ii) - Accurate but Incomplete Descriptions in Cases Where a Description Need Not Be Published 808.03(d) - Inaccurate Description in Application or Amendment 808.03(e) - Amending Descriptions 808.03(f) - Updating Design Coding 808.03(g) - Unacceptable Statements in Mark Descriptions 809 - Translation and Transliteration of Non-English Wording in Mark 809.01 - Examining Applications for Marks Comprising Non-English Wording that Do Not Include an Accurate Translation or Transliteration 809.01(a) - Inquiry/Applicant’s Response Regarding Meaning in a Foreign Language 809.01(b) - Limited Exceptions to Rules for Translations 809.01(b)(i) - Foreign Terms Appearing in English Dictionary 809.01(b)(ii) - Foreign Articles or Prepositions Combined with English Terms 809.01(b)(iii) - Words from Dead or Obscure Languages 809.02 - Equivalency in Translation 809.03 - Printing of Translations and Transliterations 810 - Filing Fee 810.01 - Collection of Fees for Multiple Classes 810.02 - Refunds 811 - Attorney Identification Information and Designation of Domestic Representative 811.01 - Attorney Identification Information Required for Complete Application 811.02 - Designation of a Domestic Representative 812 - Identification of Prior Registrations of Applicant 812.01 - Proving Ownership of Prior Registrations 813 - Consent to Register by Particular Living Individual Whose Name or Likeness Appears in the Mark 813.01 - Statement Published in Trademark Official Gazette and Included on Registration Certificate 813.01(a) - Name or Likeness Is that of a Living Individual 813.01(b) - Name or Likeness Is Not that of a Living Individual 813.01(c) - Updating the Trademark Database 814 - Requesting Additional Information 815 - Application Filed on Supplemental Register 815.01 - Marks Eligible for Principal Register Not Registrable on Supplemental Register 815.02 - Elements Required 815.03 - Filing on Supplemental Register Is Not an Admission that the Mark Has Not Acquired Distinctiveness 815.04 - Basis for Refusal of Registration of Matter that Is Incapable 816 - Amending Application to Supplemental Register 816.01 - How to Amend 816.02 - Effective Filing Date 816.03 - Amendment to Different Register 816.04 - Amendment After Refusal 816.05 - Amendment After Decision on Appeal 817 - Preparation of Application for Publication or Registration 818 - Application Checklist (§1 and §44) 819 - TEAS Plus Application 819.01 - TEAS Plus Application Filing Requirements 819.01(a) - Type of Mark 819.01(b) - Applicant’s Name and Domicile Address 819.01(c) - Applicant’s Legal Entity and Citizenship 819.01(d) - Qualified U.S. Attorney Required for Applicant with Foreign Domicile 819.01(e) - Email Address 819.01(f) - Basis or Bases for Filing 819.01(f)(i) - Section 1(a) - Use in Commerce 819.01(f)(ii) - Section 1(b) - Intent to Use 819.01(f)(iii) - Section 44(e) - Foreign Registration 819.01(f)(iv) - Section 44(d) - Foreign Application 819.01(g) - Identification and Classification of Goods/Services 819.01(h) - Filing Fee 819.01(i) - Drawing 819.01(j) - Color Claim 819.01(k) - Description of the Mark 819.01(l) - Verification 819.01(m) - Translation and/or Transliteration 819.01(n) - Multiple-Class Applications 819.01(o) - Consent to Registration of Name or Portrait 819.01(p) - Prior Registration of the Same Mark 819.01(q) - Concurrent Use Applications 819.02 - Adding a Class During Examination 819.03 - Procedures for Payment of Additional Processing Fee Per Class 0900 - Use in Commerce 901 - Use in Commerce 901.01 - Definitions 901.02 - Bona Fide Use in the Ordinary Course of Trade 901.03 - Commerce That May Be Lawfully Regulated By Congress 901.04 - Inquiry Regarding Use in Commerce 902 - Allegations of Use for §1(b) Applications 903 - Dates of Use 903.01 - Date of First Use Anywhere 903.02 - Date of First Use in Commerce 903.03 - Relation Between the Two Dates of Use 903.04 - Amending Dates of Use 903.05 - First Use by Predecessor or Related Company 903.06 - Indefinite Dates of Use 903.06(a) - Apparent Discrepancies Between Dates of Use and Date of Execution 903.07 - Dates of Use in Another Form 903.08 - More than One Item of Goods or Services 904 - Specimens 904.01 - Number of Specimens 904.01(a) - More than One Item Specified in a Class 904.01(b) - Combined or Multiple-Class Applications 904.02 - Physical Form of Specimens 904.02(a) - Electronically Filed Specimens 904.02(b) - Permitted Paper-Filed Specimens 904.02(c) - Additional Requirements 904.02(c)(i) - Other Materials Required for Examination 904.02(c)(ii) - Specimens for Marks Comprising Color 904.02(c)(iii) - Specimens for Marks Used on Publications 904.03 - Material Appropriate as Specimens for Trademarks 904.03(a) - Labels and Tags 904.03(b) - Stampings 904.03(c) - Commercial Packaging 904.03(d) - Electronic and Digital Media Specimens for Permitted Paper Filings 904.03(e) - Specimens for Trademarks Identifying Downloadable or Recorded Computer Programs, Movies, and Videos, or Audio Recordings 904.03(f) - Specimens for Sound Marks 904.03(g) - Displays Associated with Goods 904.03(h) - Catalogs 904.03(i) - Electronic Displays 904.03(i)(A) - Picture or Description of the Goods 904.03(i)(B) - Show the Mark in Direct Association with the Goods 904.03(i)(B)(1) - Prominence of Mark 904.03(i)(B)(2) - Placement of Mark and Proximity to the Goods 904.03(i)(C) - Ordering Information 904.03(i)(C)(1) - “Shopping Cart” and “Shopping Bag” Buttons and Links 904.03(i)(C)(2) - Telephone Numbers and Email Addresses 904.03(i)(C)(3) - “Contact Us,” “Customize,” or “Configure” Buttons and Links 904.03(i)(D) - Beta Websites 904.03(j) - Manuals 904.03(k) - Specimens for Marks that are Impracticable to Place on Goods, Packaging, or Displays 904.03(l) - Specimens for Motion Marks 904.03(m) - Specimens for Scent and Flavor Marks or Similar Non-traditional Marks 904.04 - Material Not Appropriate as Specimens 904.04(a) - Drawing or Image of the Mark; Digitally Created/Altered or Mockup Specimens 904.04(a)(i) - Defining Digitally Created/Altered or Mockup Specimens 904.04(a)(ii) - Identifying Digitally Created/Altered or Mockup Specimens 904.04(a)(iii) - General Examination Considerations for Digitally Created/Altered or Mockup Specimens 904.04(b) - Advertising Material as Specimens for Goods 904.04(c) - Package Inserts as Specimens for Goods 904.05 - Affidavit Supporting Substitute Specimens 904.06 - Translation of Matter on Specimens 904.07 - Requirements for Substitute Specimens and Statutory Refusals 904.07(a) - Whether the Specimen Shows the Mark as Actually Used in Commerce 904.07(a)(i) - Action After Submission of Substitute Specimen 904.07(b) - Whether the Specimen Shows the Applied-for Mark Functioning as a Mark 904.07(b)(i) - Action After Submission of Substitute Specimen 905 - Method of Use 906 - Federal Registration Notice 906.01 - Foreign Countries That Use Registration Symbol ® 906.02 - Improper Use of Registration Symbol 906.03 - Informing Applicant of Apparent Improper Use 906.04 - Fraud 907 - Compliance with Other Statutes 1000 - Applications Under Section 44 1001 - Section 44 Applications - General 1002 - Eligible Applicants Under §44 1002.01 - Eligible Applicants Under §44(e) 1002.02 - Eligible Applicants Under §44(d) 1002.03 - Establishing Entitlement Under a Treaty 1002.04 - Establishing Country of Origin 1002.05 - U.S. Applicants 1003 - Section 44(d) - Priority Filing Date Based on a Foreign Application 1003.01 - The “First-Filed” Requirement 1003.02 - Priority Claim Must Be Filed Within Six Months of Foreign Filing 1003.03 - Basis for Registration Required 1003.04 - Suspension Awaiting a Foreign Registration 1003.04(a) - Applications Based Solely on Section 44 1003.04(b) - Multiple-Basis Applications 1003.04(c) - Periodic Inquiries Issued as to Status of Foreign Application 1003.05 - Section 44(d) and Priority for Publication 1003.06 - Applicants May File Under both §44(d) and §44(e) 1003.07 - Application May Be Based on More than One Foreign Application 1003.08 - Abandonment of the Foreign Application 1004 - Applications Based on Foreign Registrations Under §44(e) 1004.01 - Copy of Foreign Registration Required 1004.01(a) - Status of the Foreign Registration 1004.01(b) - Translation of the Foreign Registration or Renewal Document 1004.02 - Application May Be Based on More than One Foreign Registration 1005 - Ownership of the Foreign Application or Registration 1006 - Assignment of §44 Applications 1007 - Standards for Registration Under Section 44 1008 - Bona Fide Intention to Use the Mark in Commerce 1009 - Allegation of Use and Specimen of Use Not Required Prior to Registration 1010 - Proof of Acquired Distinctiveness in §44 Applications 1011 - Drawings 1011.01 - Substantially Exact Representation of Mark in Foreign Registration 1011.02 - One Mark Per Application 1011.03 - Amendment of Drawing 1011.04 - Drawings and Descriptions of Three-Dimensional, Multimedia and Non-Visual Marks 1012 - Identification of Goods and Services 1013 - Requirement for Representation of Applicants Not Domiciled in the United States 1014 - Section 44 Applications and the Supplemental Register 1015 - Section 44 Registration Independent of Underlying Foreign Registration 1016 - International Registration As Basis for Section 44 Application 1100 - Intent-to-Use Applications and Requests to Divide 1101 - Bona Fide Intention to Use the Mark in Commerce 1102 - Initial Examination of Intent-to-Use Applications 1102.01 - Substantive Refusals 1102.02 - Drawings 1102.03 - Intent-to-Use Applications and the Supplemental Register 1102.04 - Claims of Acquired Distinctiveness under §2(f) 1103 - Allegations of Use 1104 - Amendment to Allege Use Under §1(c) of the Act 1104.01 - Minimum Filing Requirements for an Amendment to Allege Use 1104.01(a) - Review by Legal Instruments Examiner for Compliance with Minimum Filing Requirements 1104.01(b) - Processing an Amendment to Allege Use that Does Not Meet Minimum Filing Requirements 1104.01(c) - Processing Defective Amendment to Allege Use Filed with Other Amendments 1104.02 - Form of Amendment to Allege Use 1104.03 - Time for Filing Amendment to Allege Use 1104.03(a) - Use on All Goods/Services Required Before Filing 1104.03(b) - The “Blackout Period” 1104.03(c) - Processing Amendment to Allege Use Filed During the Blackout Period 1104.04 - Processing Timely Amendment to Allege Use Discovered After Publication 1104.05 - Amendment to Allege Use Filed in Conjunction with Application 1104.06 - Processing Amendment to Allege Use Received Before Application Is Assigned to an Examining Attorney 1104.07 - Amendments to Allege Use and Ex Parte Appeals 1104.08 - Requirements for a Complete Amendment to Allege Use 1104.09 - Acceptance of Amendment to Allege Use that Meets Minimum Filing Requirements by Examining Attorney 1104.10 - Examination of Amendment to Allege Use on the Merits for Compliance with Statutory Requirements 1104.10(a) - Issuance of Office Action Related to Amendment to Allege Use 1104.10(b) - Common Examination Issues Related to Amendments to Allege Use 1104.10(b)(i) - Ownership 1104.10(b)(ii) - Verification and Date of Execution 1104.10(b)(iii) - Identification of Goods/Services 1104.10(b)(iii)(A) - Identification of Nature of Collective Membership Organization 1104.10(b)(iv) - Use in Commerce and Dates of Use 1104.10(b)(v) - Specimen 1104.10(b)(vi) - Drawing 1104.10(b)(vii) - Fees 1104.11 - Amendment and Withdrawal of Amendment to Allege Use 1105 - Publication of Intent-to-Use Applications for Opposition 1106 - Notice of Allowance 1106.01 - Issuance of the Notice of Allowance 1106.02 - Action by Examining Attorney After Issuance of the Notice of Allowance 1106.03 - Cancellation of Notice of Allowance 1106.04 - Correction of Errors in Notice of Allowance 1107 - Amendment After Issuance of the Notice of Allowance and Before Filing of the Statement of Use 1107.01 - Examination of Amendment Filed After the Notice of Allowance Issues but Before a Statement of Use Is Filed 1108 - Requests for Extensions of Time to File the Statement of Use 1108.01 - Time for Filing Requests for Extensions of Time to File the Statement of Use 1108.02 - Requirements for Request for an Extension of Time to File a Statement of Use 1108.02(a) - Ownership 1108.02(b) - Verification and Date of Execution 1108.02(c) - Fees 1108.02(d) - Identification of Goods/Services 1108.02(d)(1) - Identification of Collective Membership Organization 1108.02(e) - Bona Fide Intention to Use the Mark in Commerce 1108.02(f) - Good Cause Required for Extensions Beyond the First Six-month Extension –Trademarks and Service Marks 1108.02(g) - Good Cause Required for Extensions Beyond the First Six-month Extension – Collective Marks 1108.02(h) - Good Cause Required for Extensions Beyond the First Six-month Extension – Certification Marks 1108.03 - Only One Extension Request May Be Filed with or After a Statement of Use – “Insurance” Extension Request 1108.03(a) - Processing Extension Request Filed After Statement of Use Has Been Referred to Examining Attorney 1108.04 - Recourse After Denial of Extension Request 1108.05 - Petitions from Denial of Request for an Extension of Time to File a Statement of Use 1109 - Statement of Use Under §1(d) of the Trademark Act 1109.01 - Minimum Filing Requirements for a Statement of Use 1109.02 - Review for Compliance with Minimum Filing Requirements 1109.02(a) - Petition to Review Refusal Based on Noncompliance with Minimum Filing Requirements 1109.03 - Use on All Goods/Services Required Before Filing 1109.04 - Time for Filing Statement of Use 1109.05 - Form of Statement of Use 1109.06 - Requirements for a Complete Statement of Use 1109.07 - Examination of the Statement of Use — In General 1109.08 - Examination of the Statement of Use – New Requirements and Refusals 1109.09 - Use in Commerce 1109.09(a) - Dates of Use 1109.09(b) - Specimens 1109.10 - Ownership 1109.11 - Verification and Execution 1109.11(a) - Authority of Signatory 1109.11(b) - Verification of Essential Elements 1109.11(c) - Date of Execution 1109.11(d) - Signature of Electronically Transmitted Statement of Use 1109.12 - Drawing 1109.13 - Identification of Goods/Services in Statement of Use 1109.14 - Classification 1109.15 - Fees 1109.15(a) - Processing Deficient Fees 1109.16 - Correcting Defects in Statement of Use 1109.16(a) - Statutory Requirements that Must Be Met Within Statutory Filing Period 1109.16(b) - Issuance of Examining Attorney’s Office Action Holding that a Statement of Use Does Not Meet the Statutory Requirements 1109.16(c) - Requesting an Extension of Time to File a Statement of Use for the Purpose of Compliance with Statutory Filing Requirements 1109.16(d) - Timely Response to Office Action Required Regardless of Expiration Date of Period for Filing the Statement of Use 1109.16(e) - Applicant’s Recourse After Refusal of Registration 1109.17 - Withdrawal of the Statement of Use Prohibited 1109.18 - Approval of the Statement of Use 1110 - Request to Divide an Application 1110.01 - Application May Be Divided 1110.02 - Fees for Filing Request to Divide 1110.03 - Time for Filing Request to Divide 1110.04 - Form and Processing of Request to Divide 1110.05 - Outstanding Time Periods Apply to Newly Created Applications 1110.06 - Signature of Request to Divide 1110.07 - Dividing an Application when Statement of Use Is Due 1110.08 - Dividing an Application when Response to Office Action Is Due 1110.09 - Dividing an Application Subject to a Proceeding at Trademark Trial and Appeal Board 1110.10 - Dividing a §44 Application 1110.11 - Dividing a §66(a) Application 1110.11(a) - Dividing a §66(a) Application After Change of Ownership with Respect to Some but Not All of the Goods/Services 1110.12 - Division of Registrations 1200 - Substantive Examination of Applications 1201 - Ownership of Mark 1201.01 - Claim of Ownership May Be Based on Use By Related Companies 1201.02 - Identifying the Applicant in the Application 1201.02(a) - Identifying the Applicant Properly 1201.02(b) - Application Void if Wrong Party Identified as the Applicant 1201.02(c) - Correcting Errors in How the Applicant Is Identified 1201.02(d) - Operating Divisions 1201.02(e) - Changes in Ownership After Application Is Filed 1201.03 - Use by Related Companies 1201.03(a) - No Explanation of Use of Mark by Related Companies or Applicant’s Control Over Use of Mark by Related Companies Required 1201.03(b) - Wholly Owned Related Companies 1201.03(c) - Common Stockholders, Directors, or Officers 1201.03(d) - Sister Corporations 1201.03(e) - License and Franchise Situations 1201.04 - Inquiry Regarding Parties Named on Specimens or Elsewhere in Record 1201.05 - Acceptable Claim of Ownership Based on Applicant’s Own Use 1201.06 - Special Situations Pertaining to Ownership 1201.06(a) - Applicant Is Merely Distributor or Importer 1201.06(b) - Goods Manufactured in a Country Other than Where Applicant Is Located 1201.06(c) - Applicant Using Designation of a U.S. Government Agency or Instrumentality 1201.07 - Related Companies and Likelihood of Confusion 1201.07(a) - “Single Source” – “Unity of Control” 1201.07(b) - Appropriate Action with Respect to Assertion of Unity of Control 1201.07(b)(i) - When Either Applicant or Registrant Owns All of the Other Entity 1201.07(b)(ii) - Joint Ownership or Ownership of Substantially All of the Other Entity 1201.07(b)(iii) - When the Record Does Not Support a Presumption of Unity of Control 1201.07(b)(iv) - When the Record Contradicts an Assertion of Unity of Control 1202 - Use of Subject Matter as Trademark 1202.01 - Refusal of Matter Used Solely as a Trade Name 1202.02 - Registration of Trade Dress 1202.02(a) - Functionality of Trade Dress 1202.02(a)(i) - Statutory Basis for Functionality Refusal 1202.02(a)(ii) - Purpose of Functionality Doctrine 1202.02(a)(iii) - Background and Definitions 1202.02(a)(iii)(A) - Functionality 1202.02(a)(iii)(B) - “De Jure” and “De Facto” Functionality 1202.02(a)(iv) - Burden of Proof in Functionality Determinations 1202.02(a)(v) - Evidence and Considerations Regarding Functionality Determinations 1202.02(a)(v)(A) - Utility Patents and Design Patents 1202.02(a)(v)(B) - Advertising, Promotional, or Explanatory Material in Functionality Determinations 1202.02(a)(v)(C) - Availability of Alternative Designs in Functionality Determinations 1202.02(a)(v)(D) - Ease or Economy of Manufacture in Functionality Determinations 1202.02(a)(vi) - Aesthetic Functionality 1202.02(a)(vii) - Functionality and Service Marks 1202.02(a)(viii) - Functionality and Non-Traditional Marks 1202.02(b) - Distinctiveness of Trade Dress 1202.02(b)(i) - Distinctiveness and Product Design Trade Dress 1202.02(b)(ii) - Distinctiveness and Product Packaging Trade Dress 1202.02(c) - Drawings, Descriptions, and Disclaimers in Trade Dress Applications 1202.02(c)(i) - Drawings of Trade Dress Marks 1202.02(c)(i)(A) - Functional Matter 1202.02(c)(i)(B) - Nondistinctive Matter 1202.02(c)(i)(C) - Drawings in §44 and §66(a) Applications 1202.02(c)(ii) - Descriptions of Trade Dress Marks Required 1202.02(c)(iii) - Disclaimers of Unregistrable Elements of Trade Dress Marks 1202.02(c)(iii)(A) - Functional Matter 1202.02(c)(iii)(B) - Nondistinctive Matter 1202.02(c)(iv) - Three-Dimensional Marks 1202.02(d) - Trade Dress in §1(b) Applications 1202.02(e) - Trade Dress in §44 and §66(a) Applications 1202.02(f) - Identification of Goods/Services in Trade Dress Applications 1202.02(f)(i) - Product Design 1202.02(f)(ii) - Product Packaging 1202.03 - Refusal on Basis of Ornamentation 1202.03(a) - Commercial Impression 1202.03(b) - Practices of the Trade 1202.03(c) - “Secondary Source” 1202.03(d) - Evidence of Distinctiveness 1202.03(e) - Ornamentation with Respect to §1(b), §44, and §66(a) Applications 1202.03(f) - Ornamentation: Case References 1202.03(f)(i) - Slogans or Words Used on the Goods 1202.03(f)(ii) - Designs Used on the Goods 1202.03(f)(iii) - Trade Dress on the Containers for the Goods 1202.03(g) - Ornamentation Cases and Acquired Distinctiveness 1202.04 - Informational Matter 1202.04(a) - General Information About the Goods or Services 1202.04(b) - Widely Used Messages 1202.04(c) - Matter from Religious Texts 1202.04(d) - Response Options 1202.05 - Color as a Mark 1202.05(a) - Color Marks Never Inherently Distinctive 1202.05(b) - Functional Color Marks Not Registrable 1202.05(c) - Color as a Separable Element 1202.05(d) - Drawings of Color Marks Required 1202.05(d)(i) - Drawings of Color Marks in Trademark Applications 1202.05(d)(ii) - Drawings of Color Marks in Service Mark Applications 1202.05(d)(iii) - Amendment of Drawings of Color Marks 1202.05(d)(iv) - Drawings for Marks Including Both Color and Words or Design 1202.05(e) - Written Descriptions of Color Marks 1202.05(f) - Specimens for Color Marks 1202.05(g) - Special Considerations for Service Mark Applications 1202.05(h) - Color Marks in §1(b) Applications 1202.05(i) - Color Marks in §44 or §66(a) Applications 1202.06 - Goods in Trade 1202.06(a) - Goods Must Have Utility to Others 1202.06(b) - Registration Must Be Refused if Trademark Not Used on Goods in Trade 1202.06(c) - Goods in Trade in §1(b), §44, and §66(a) Applications 1202.07 - Marks That Identify Columns, Sections, and Supplements of Publications 1202.07(a) - Marks That Identify Columns, Sections, and Supplements of Printed, Downloadable, or Recorded Publications in §1(a) Applications 1202.07(a)(i) - Syndicated Columns and Sections in §1(a) Applications 1202.07(a)(ii) - Non-Syndicated Columns and Sections in §1(a) Applications 1202.07(a)(iii) - Marks That Identify Columns and Sections of Printed, Downloadable, or Recorded Publications in §1(b), §44, and §66(a) Applications 1202.07(b) - Marks That Identify Columns and Sections of Online Publications 1202.08 - Title of a Single Creative Work 1202.08(a) - What Constitutes a Single Creative Work 1202.08(b) - What Does Not Constitute a Single Creative Work 1202.08(c) - Complete Title of the Work – Evidence of a Series 1202.08(d) - Portion of a Title of the Work 1202.08(d)(i) - Mark Must Create a Separate Commercial Impression 1202.08(d)(ii) - Establishing a Series When the Mark is a Portion of the Title 1202.08(d)(iii) - Evidence that the Portion of the Title is Promoted or Recognized as a Mark 1202.08(e) - Identification of Goods/Services 1202.08(f) - Title of a Single Work in §1(b), §44, and §66(a) Applications 1202.09 - Names of Artists and Authors 1202.09(a) - Names and Pseudonyms of Authors and Performing Artists 1202.09(a)(i) - Author or Performer’s Name – Evidence of a Series 1202.09(a)(ii) - Evidence that the Name is a Source Identifier 1202.09(a)(ii)(A) - Promotion and Recognition of the Name 1202.09(a)(ii)(B) - Control over the Nature and Quality of the Goods 1202.09(a)(iii) - Names of Authors and Performing Artists in §1(b), §44, and §66(a) Applications 1202.09(b) - Names of Artists Used on Original Works of Art 1202.10 - Characters in Creative Works 1202.10(a) - Characters in Creative Works in §1(b), §44, or §66(a) Applications 1202.11 - Background Designs and Shapes 1202.12 - Varietal and Cultivar Names (Examination of Applications for Seeds and Plants) 1202.13 - Scent, Fragrance, or Flavor 1202.14 - Holograms 1202.15 - Sound Marks 1202.16 - Model or Grade Designations 1202.16(a) - Examination of Marks with Model and Grade Designations 1202.16(b) - Identifying Model and Grade Designations in Marks 1202.16(b)(i) - Model Designations 1202.16(b)(i)(A) - Stylization of Display 1202.16(b)(i)(B) - Size of Proposed Mark 1202.16(b)(i)(C) - Physical Location 1202.16(b)(ii) - Grade Designations 1202.16(c) - Procedures for Handling Marks with Model and Grade Designations 1202.16(c)(i) - Evidentiary Considerations when Issuing Model or Grade Designation Refusals 1202.16(c)(i)(A) - Model Designations 1202.16(c)(i)(B) - Grade Designations 1202.16(c)(ii) - Entire Mark Consists of Model or Grade Designation in §1(a) Applications 1202.16(c)(iii) - Composite Mark with Model or Grade Designation in §1(a) Applications 1202.16(c)(iii)(A) - Model or Grade Designations with Arbitrary and/or Suggestive Matter 1202.16(c)(iii)(B) - Model or Grade Designations with Descriptive, Generic, and/or Informational Matter 1202.16(c)(iv) - Drawing and Specimen Agreement Issues in §1(a) Applications 1202.16(c)(v) - Model or Grade Designation in §1(b), §44, or §66(a) Applications 1202.16(c)(v)(A) - Model Designations 1202.16(c)(v)(B) - Grade Designations 1202.17 - Universal Symbols in Marks 1202.17(a) - Relevance of Universal Symbols to Examination 1202.17(b) - Reviewing Marks Containing Symbols 1202.17(b)(i) - Identifying Universal Symbols in Marks 1202.17(b)(ii) - Marks Displaying an Unusual Depiction of a Universal Symbol 1202.17(b)(iii) - Marks Displaying an Accurate Depiction of a Universal Symbol 1202.17(c) - Failure to Function 1202.17(c)(i) - Determining Whether a Universal Symbol Functions as a Source Indicator 1202.17(c)(i)(A) - Informational Universal Symbols 1202.17(c)(i)(B) - Ornamental Universal Symbols 1202.17(c)(ii) - Mark Consists Entirely of a Universal Symbol that Fails to Function 1202.17(c)(ii)(A) - Applications Based on Sections 1(b), 44, or 66(a) 1202.17(c)(ii)(B) - Applicant’s Response to Refusal 1202.17(c)(iii) - Mark Includes a Universal Symbol that Fails to Function 1202.17(d) - Other Relevant Refusals 1202.17(d)(i) - Merely Descriptive 1202.17(d)(ii) - Deceptive or Deceptively Misdescriptive 1202.17(e) - Universal Symbols Commonly Appearing in Marks 1202.17(e)(i) - Awareness Ribbon Symbols 1202.17(e)(ii) - Recycling Symbol 1202.17(e)(iii) - Caduceus, Rod of Asclepius, and Prescription Symbol 1202.17(e)(iv) - Religious Symbols 1202.17(e)(v) - Currency Symbols 1202.17(e)(vi) - Universal Prohibition Symbol 1202.18 - Hashtag Marks 1202.18(a) - Disclaiming HASHTAG or Hash Symbol 1202.18(b) - Marks Consisting Solely of HASHTAG or Hash Symbol 1202.19 - Repeating-Pattern Marks 1202.19(a) - Drawing Requirements for Repeating-Pattern Marks 1202.19(a)(i) - Mark Used on a Single Item 1202.19(a)(ii) - Mark Used in a Similar Manner on Similar Items 1202.19(a)(iii) - Mark Used in Various Ways or on Various Items ─ Swatch-Type Drawings 1202.19(a)(iv) - Drawings for Service Marks 1202.19(b) - Mark Descriptions for Repeating-Pattern Marks 1202.19(c) - Material Alteration of Repeating-Pattern Marks 1202.19(c)(i) - Amending the Drawing to Depict a Different Object 1202.19(c)(ii) - Amending a Swatch-Type Drawing to Show an Object and Vice Versa 1202.19(c)(iii) - Amending the Drawing to Depict a Different Placement of the Repeating Pattern 1202.19(c)(iv) - Amending Descriptions of Repeating-Pattern Marks 1202.19(c)(v) - Amendments in Applications Based on Section 44 or Section 66(a) 1202.19(d) - Specimens for Repeating-Pattern Marks 1202.19(e) - Failure-to-Function Refusal – Mark Not Inherently Distinctive 1202.19(e)(i) - Inherent Distinctiveness Determination 1202.19(e)(i)(A) - Common or Widely Used Pattern 1202.19(e)(i)(B) - Pattern Creates a Distinct Commercial Impression Apart from Other Matter 1202.19(e)(i)(C) - Nature of Elements in the Repeating Pattern 1202.19(e)(i)(D) - Industry Practice 1202.19(e)(i)(E) - Type of Product 1202.19(e)(ii) - Statutory Basis for Refusal 1202.19(e)(iii) - Response Options 1202.19(f) - Failure-to-Function Refusal – Inconsistent Goods or Services 1202.19(f)(i) - Statutory Basis for Refusal 1202.19(f)(ii) - Response Options 1202.19(g) - Refusal – Application Seeks Registration of More than One Mark 1202.19(g)(i) - Statutory Basis for Refusal 1202.19(g)(ii) - Response Options 1202.19(h) - Refusals in Applications Based on Section 1(b), Section 44, or Section 66(a) 1202.19(i) - Functional Repeating Patterns 1202.19(j) - Random Patterns 1202.19(k) - Examples of Repeating-Pattern Marks 1203 - Refusal on Basis of Deceptive Matter and Matter which May Falsely Suggest a Connection 1203.01 - Other Refusals Under 15 U.S.C. §1052(a) No Longer Valid 1203.02 - Deceptive Matter 1203.02(a) - Types of Deceptive Marks 1203.02(b) - Elements of a §2(a) Deceptiveness Refusal 1203.02(c) - Distinction Between Marks Comprising Deceptive Matter (§2(a)) and Deceptively Misdescriptive Marks (§2(e)(1)) 1203.02(d) - Determining Materiality 1203.02(d)(i) - Objective Criteria 1203.02(d)(ii) - Mere Personal Preference 1203.02(e) - Procedures for Issuing §2(a) Deceptive Refusals 1203.02(e)(i) - When the Mark is Clearly Misdescriptive 1203.02(e)(ii) - When It is Not Clear Whether the Mark is Misdescriptive 1203.02(f) - Responding to a §2(a) Deceptiveness Refusal 1203.02(f)(i) - Amending the Identification of Goods or Services 1203.02(f)(ii) - Other Arguments 1203.02(g) - Deceptive Matter: Case References 1203.03 - Matter That May Falsely Suggest a Connection 1203.03(a) - Definitions 1203.03(a)(i) - “Persons” 1203.03(a)(ii) - “Institutions” 1203.03(a)(iii) - “National Symbols” 1203.03(b) - False Suggestion of a Connection 1203.03(b)(i) - Elements of a §2(a) False Suggestion of a Connection Refusal 1203.03(b)(ii) - Government Agencies and Instrumentalities 1203.03(b)(iii) - False Suggestion of a Connection: Case References 1204 - Refusal on Basis of Flag, Coat of Arms, or Other Insignia of United States, State or Municipality, or Foreign Nation 1204.01 - Flags and Simulations of Flags 1204.01(a) - Flags and Simulations of Flags Are Refused 1204.01(b) - Stylized Flag Designs Are Not Refused Under §2(b) 1204.01(c) - Case Law Finding No Simulation of a Flag 1204.01(d) - Description of the Mark 1204.01(e) - Flags Not Presently Used as National Flags 1204.02 - Government Insignia 1204.02(a) - Designs that are Insignia Under §2(b) Must Be Refused 1204.02(b) - Examples of Insignia That Should Be Refused Under §2(b) 1204.02(c) - Examples of Designs That Should Not Be Refused Under §2(b) 1204.02(d) - Case Law Interpreting Insignia Under §2(b) 1204.03 - Other Refusals May be Appropriate 1204.04 - Responding to §2(b) Refusal 1204.04(a) - Absolute Bar to Registration 1204.04(b) - Deletion of §2(b) Matter 1204.04(b)(i) - Examples of Matter That May and May Not Be Deleted 1204.05 - Resources 1205 - Refusal on Basis of Matter Protected by Statute or Convention 1205.01 - Statutory Protection 1205.01(a) - Examination Procedures for Marks Comprising a Red Crystal or Red Crescent on a White Background, or the Phrases “Red Crescent” or “Third Protocol Emblem” 1205.01(a)(i) - First Use After December 8, 2005 1205.01(a)(ii) - First Use On or Before December 8, 2005 – Grandfather Clause 1205.01(a)(iii) - Date of First Use Not Specified 1205.01(a)(iv) - Applicable Refusals 1205.01(a)(v) - Amendments to Disclaim, Delete, or Amend the Unregistrable Symbol or Designation 1205.01(a)(vi) - Parties Authorized to use the Red Crescent and Third Protocol Emblem 1205.01(b) - Examination Procedures for Marks Comprising Matter Related to the United States Olympic Committee or the Olympics 1205.01(b)(i) - Nature of the Mark 1205.01(b)(ii) - Issuing Other Substantive Refusals 1205.01(b)(iii) - Amendments to Disclaim, Delete, or Amend the Unregistrable Wording or Symbol 1205.01(b)(iv) - Consent to Register 1205.01(b)(v) - First Use On or After September 21, 1950 1205.01(b)(vi) - First Use Before September 21, 1950 – Grandfather Clause 1205.01(b)(vii) - Date of First Use Not Specified 1205.01(b)(viii) - Geographic-Reference Exception 1205.01(c) - Examination Procedures for Marks Containing Greek Red Cross or the Phrases “Red Cross” or “Geneva Cross” 1205.01(c)(i) - Date of First Use is Before or After June 25, 1948 1205.01(c)(ii) - Date of First Use Not Specified 1205.01(c)(iii) - Applicable Refusals 1205.01(c)(iv) - Amendments to Disclaim, Delete, or Amend the Unregistrable Symbol or Designation 1205.01(d) - Examination Procedures for Marks Containing the Swiss Confederation Coat of Arms or Flag 1205.01(d)(i) - Refusal Under §2(b): Swiss Flag or Swiss Coat of Arms 1205.01(d)(i)(A) - When a Refusal Under §2(b) Must Be Issued 1205.01(d)(i)(B) - When an Advisory Should Be Provided 1205.01(d)(i)(C) - When a Refusal Under §2(b) Should Not Be Issued 1205.01(d)(i)(D) - Applicant’s Response to Refusal 1205.01(d)(ii) - Other Refusals 1205.01(d)(iii) - Examples 1205.02 - Article 6ter of the Paris Convention 1205.03 - Native American Tribal Insignia 1206 - Refusal on Basis of Name, Portrait, or Signature of Particular Living Individual or Deceased U.S. President Without Consent 1206.01 - Name, Portrait, or Signature of Particular Living Individual 1206.02 - Connection with Goods or Services 1206.03 - When Inquiry is Required 1206.04 - Consent of Individual or President’s Widow 1206.04(a) - Consent Statement Must Be Written Consent to Registration 1206.04(b) - Consent May Be Presumed From Signature of Application 1206.04(c) - New Consent Not Required if Consent is of Record in Valid Registration Owned by Applicant 1206.04(d) - Implicit Consent 1206.05 - Names and Likenesses That Do Not Identify a Particular Living Individual 1207 - Refusal on Basis of Likelihood of Confusion, Mistake, or Deception 1207.01 - Likelihood of Confusion 1207.01(a) - Relatedness of the Goods or Services 1207.01(a)(i) - Goods or Services Need Not Be Identical 1207.01(a)(ii) - Establishing Relatedness of Goods to Services 1207.01(a)(ii)(A) - Food and Beverage Products Versus Restaurant Services 1207.01(a)(iii) - Reliance on Identification of Goods/Services in Registration and Application 1207.01(a)(iv) - No “Per Se” Rule 1207.01(a)(v) - Expansion-of-Trade Doctrine 1207.01(a)(vi) - Evidence Showing Relatedness of Goods or Services 1207.01(b) - Similarity of the Marks 1207.01(b)(i) - Word Marks 1207.01(b)(ii) - Similarity In Appearance 1207.01(b)(iii) - Comparing Marks that Contain Additional Matter 1207.01(b)(iv) - Similarity in Sound – Phonetic Equivalents 1207.01(b)(v) - Similarity in Meaning 1207.01(b)(vi) - Doctrine of Foreign Equivalents 1207.01(b)(vi)(A) - Background 1207.01(b)(vi)(B) - When an Ordinary American Purchaser Would “Stop and Translate” 1207.01(b)(vi)(C) - Likelihood of Confusion Factors Still Apply When Assessing Whether Marks are Confusingly Similar 1207.01(b)(vii) - Transposition of Terms 1207.01(b)(viii) - Marks Consisting of Multiple Words 1207.01(b)(ix) - Weak or Descriptive Marks 1207.01(b)(x) - Parody Marks 1207.01(b)(xi) - Color Marks 1207.01(c) - Design Marks 1207.01(c)(i) - Legal Equivalents – Comparison of Words and Their Equivalent Designs 1207.01(c)(ii) - Composite Marks Consisting of Both Words and Designs 1207.01(c)(iii) - Comparison of Standard Character Marks and Special Form Marks 1207.01(c)(iv) - Matter Depicted in Broken Lines 1207.01(d) - Miscellaneous Considerations 1207.01(d)(i) - Doubt Resolved in Favor of Registrant 1207.01(d)(ii) - Absence of Actual Confusion 1207.01(d)(iii) - Third-Party Registrations and Evidence of Third-Party Use 1207.01(d)(iv) - Collateral Attack on Registration Improper in Ex Parte Proceeding 1207.01(d)(v) - Classification of Goods/Services 1207.01(d)(vi) - Prior Decisions of Examining Attorneys 1207.01(d)(vii) - Sophisticated Purchasers 1207.01(d)(viii) - Consent Agreements 1207.01(d)(ix) - Fame of the Prior Registered Mark 1207.01(d)(x) - Conflicting Marks Owned by Different Parties 1207.01(d)(xi) - Family of Marks 1207.01(d)(xii) - Pharmaceuticals or Medicinal Products 1207.02 - Marks That Are Likely to Deceive 1207.03 - Marks Previously Used in United States but Not Registered 1207.04 - Concurrent Use Registration 1207.04(a) - Concurrent Use – In General 1207.04(b) - Filing Basis of Application Seeking Concurrent Use Registration 1207.04(c) - Criteria for Requesting Concurrent Use Registration 1207.04(d) - Requirements for All Concurrent Use Applications 1207.04(d)(i) - Concurrent Use Application for a Trademark or Service Mark 1207.04(d)(ii) - Concurrent Use Application for a Collective or Certification Mark 1207.04(e) - Applications Subject to Concurrent Use Proceeding Before the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board 1207.04(e)(i) - Preparing the Record for Publication 1207.04(f) - Application for Concurrent Use Registration Pursuant to Court Decree 1207.04(f)(i) - Preparing the Record for Publication 1207.04(g) - Application for Concurrent Use Registration Based on Final Board Decision in Prior Concurrent Use Proceeding 1207.04(g)(i) - Preparing the Record for Publication 1208 - Conflicting Marks in Pending Applications 1208.01 - Priority for Publication or Issue Based on Effective Filing Date 1208.01(a) - What Constitutes Conflict Between Pending Applications 1208.01(b) - What Constitutes Effective Filing Date 1208.01(c) - Change in Effective Filing Date During Examination 1208.01(d) - Examination of Conflicting Marks After Reinstatement or Revival 1208.02 - Conflicting Applications Examination Procedure 1208.02(a) - Examination of Application with Earliest Effective Filing Date 1208.02(b) - Action on Later-Filed Application: Giving Notice of the Earlier Application or Applications 1208.02(c) - Suspension of Later-Filed Application 1208.02(d) - Action on Later-Filed Application upon Disposition of the Earlier Application or Applications 1208.02(e) - Applicant’s Argument on Issues of Conflict 1208.02(f) - Conflicting Mark Mistakenly Published or Approved for Issuance on the Supplemental Register 1208.03 - Procedure Relating to Possibility of Interference 1208.03(a) - Procedures on Request for Interference 1208.03(b) - Decision on Request for Interference 1208.03(c) - Procedure When Interference Is to be Declared 1209 - Refusal on Basis of Descriptiveness 1209.01 - Distinctiveness/Descriptiveness Continuum 1209.01(a) - Fanciful, Arbitrary, and Suggestive Marks 1209.01(b) - Merely Descriptive Marks 1209.01(c) - Generic Terms 1209.01(c)(i) - Test 1209.01(c)(ii) - Terminology 1209.01(c)(iii) - Generic Matter: Case References 1209.02 - Procedure for Descriptiveness and/or Genericness Refusal 1209.02(a) - Descriptive Marks – Advisory Statement that Mark Appears to Be Generic 1209.02(a)(i) - Amendment to Supplemental Register in Response to Office Action 1209.02(a)(ii) - Assertion of §2(f) in Response to Office Action 1209.02(b) - Descriptive and Possibly Generic Marks – Assertion of §2(f) in Application 1209.03 - Considerations Relevant to Determination of Descriptiveness or Genericness 1209.03(a) - Third-Party Registrations 1209.03(b) - Dictionary Listing 1209.03(c) - First or Only User 1209.03(d) - Combined Terms 1209.03(e) - More than One Meaning 1209.03(f) - Picture or Illustration 1209.03(g) - Foreign Equivalents 1209.03(h) - Acronyms 1209.03(i) - Intended Users 1209.03(j) - Phonetic Equivalent 1209.03(k) - Laudatory Terms 1209.03(l) - Telephone Numbers 1209.03(m) - Domain Names 1209.03(n) - “America” or “American” 1209.03(o) - “National,” “International,” “Global,” and “Worldwide” 1209.03(p) - Function or Purpose 1209.03(q) - Provider of Goods or Services 1209.03(r) - Retail Store and Distributorship Services 1209.03(s) - Slogans 1209.03(t) - Repetition of Descriptive or Generic Term 1209.03(u) - Punctuation 1209.03(v) - Key Aspect or Subcategory of Goods or Services 1209.03(w) - Stylization 1209.03(x) - Historical Figure Names and Fictional Character Names 1209.03(y) - Marks Including Geographic Wording that Does Not Indicate Geographic Origin of Cheeses and Processed Meats 1209.04 - Deceptively Misdescriptive Marks 1210 - Refusal on Basis of Geographic Significance 1210.01 - Elements 1210.01(a) - Geographically Descriptive Marks – Test 1210.01(b) - Geographically Deceptively Misdescriptive Marks – Test 1210.01(c) - Geographically Deceptive Marks – Test 1210.02 - Primarily Geographic Significance 1210.02(a) - Geographic Locations 1210.02(b) - Primary Significance 1210.02(b)(i) - Other Meanings 1210.02(b)(i)(A) - Surname Significance 1210.02(b)(ii) - More Than One Geographic Location With Same Name 1210.02(b)(iii) - Non-Geographic Characteristics of Goods or Services 1210.02(b)(iv) - “America” or “American” and Similar Terms in Marks 1210.02(c) - Geographic Terms Combined With Additional Matter 1210.02(c)(i) - Two Geographic Terms Combined 1210.02(c)(ii) - Geographic Terms Combined With Descriptive or Generic Matter 1210.02(c)(iii) - Arbitrary, Fanciful, or Suggestive Composites 1210.03 - Geographic Origin of the Goods or Services 1210.04 - Goods/Place or Services/Place Association 1210.04(a) - Establishing Goods/Place Association 1210.04(b) - Establishing Services/Place Association 1210.04(c) - Obscure or Remote Geographic Marks 1210.04(d) - Arbitrary Use of Geographic Terms 1210.05 - Geographically Deceptive Marks 1210.05(a) - Basis for Refusal 1210.05(b) - Elements of a §2(e)(3) Refusal 1210.05(c) - Determining Materiality 1210.05(c)(i) - Materiality In Cases Involving Goods 1210.05(c)(ii) - Materiality In Cases Involving Services 1210.05(d) - Procedures for Issuing Geographically Deceptive Refusals 1210.05(d)(i) - Neither Applicant Nor Goods/Services Come from the Place Named 1210.05(d)(ii) - It is Not Clear Whether the Goods/Services Originate From the Place Named 1210.05(e) - Geographically Deceptive Matter: Case References 1210.06 - Procedure for Examining Geographic Composite Marks 1210.06(a) - Marks That Include Primarily Geographically Descriptive Terms Combined With Additional Matter 1210.06(b) - Marks That Include Primarily Geographically Deceptively Misdescriptive and Deceptive Terms Combined With Additional Matter 1210.07 - Supplemental Register and §2(f) 1210.07(a) - Registrability of Geographic Terms on the Supplemental Register 1210.07(b) - Registrability of Geographic Terms under §2(f) 1210.08 - Geographical Indications Used on Wines and Spirits 1210.08(a) - Geographical Indications Used on Wines and Spirits That Do Not Originate in the Named Place 1210.08(b) - Geographical Indications Used on Wines and Spirits That Originate in the Named Place 1210.08(c) - Geographical Indications That Are Generic for Wines and Spirits 1210.09 - Geographic Certification Marks 1210.10 - Doctrine of Foreign Equivalents 1211 - Refusal on Basis of Surname 1211.01 - “Primarily Merely a Surname” 1211.01(a) - Non-Surname Significance 1211.01(a)(i) - Ordinary Language Meaning 1211.01(a)(ii) - Phonetic Equivalent of Term with Ordinary Language Meaning 1211.01(a)(iii) - Geographical Significance 1211.01(a)(iv) - Historical Place or Person 1211.01(a)(v) - Rare Surnames 1211.01(a)(vi) - “Structure and Pronunciation” of a Surname 1211.01(a)(vii) - Doctrine of Foreign Equivalents 1211.01(b) - Surname Combined with Additional Matter 1211.01(b)(i) - Double Surnames 1211.01(b)(ii) - Stylization or Design Elements 1211.01(b)(iii) - Surname Combined with Initials 1211.01(b)(iv) - Surname Combined with Title 1211.01(b)(v) - Surname in Plural or Possessive Form 1211.01(b)(vi) - Surname Combined with Additional Wording 1211.01(b)(vii) - Surname Combined with Domain Name 1211.01(b)(viii) - Surname Combined with Legal or Familial Entity Designation 1211.02 - Evidence Relating to Surname Refusal 1211.02(a) - Evidentiary Burden – Generally 1211.02(b) - Evidentiary Considerations 1211.02(b)(i) - Telephone Directory Listings 1211.02(b)(ii) - LexisNexis® Research Database Evidence 1211.02(b)(iii) - U.S. Census Database Evidence 1211.02(b)(iv) - Surname of Person Associated with Applicant 1211.02(b)(v) - Specimens Confirming Surname Significance of Term 1211.02(b)(vi) - Negative Dictionary Evidence 1211.02(b)(vii) - Evidence of Fame of a Mark 1212 - Acquired Distinctiveness or Secondary Meaning 1212.01 - General Evidentiary Matters 1212.02 - General Procedural Matters 1212.02(a) - Situations in Which a Claim of Distinctiveness Under §2(f) Is Appropriate 1212.02(b) - Section 2(f) Claim Is, for Procedural Purposes, a Concession that Matter Is Not Inherently Distinctive 1212.02(c) - Claiming §2(f) Distinctiveness in the Alternative 1212.02(d) - Unnecessary §2(f) Claims 1212.02(e) - Disclaimers in Applications Claiming Distinctiveness under §2(f) 1212.02(f) - Section 2(f) Claim in Part 1212.02(f)(i) - Standards for Establishing Acquired Distinctiveness for Claims of §2(f) in Part 1212.02(f)(ii) - Appropriate/Inappropriate Situations for Claiming §2(f) in Part 1212.02(f)(ii)(A) - Appropriate Situations for Claiming §2(f) in Part 1212.02(f)(ii)(B) - Inappropriate Situations for Claiming §2(f) in Part 1212.02(g) - Examining Attorney’s Role in Suggesting §2(f) or Appropriate Kind/Amount of Evidence 1212.02(h) - Nonfinal and Final Refusals 1212.02(i) - Section 2(f) Claim with Respect to Incapable Matter 1212.02(j) - Section 2(f) Claim Restricted to Particular Goods/Services/Classes 1212.03 - Three Types of Evidence of Distinctiveness under §2(f) 1212.04 - Prior Registrations as Proof of Distinctiveness 1212.04(a) - Sufficiency of Claim Vis-à-Vis Nature of the Mark 1212.04(b) - “Same Mark” 1212.04(c) - Goods or Services Must be 1212.04(d) - Registration Must Be in Full Force and Effect and on Principal Register or under Act of 1905 1212.04(e) - Form of §2(f) Claim Based on Ownership of Prior Registrations 1212.05 - Five Years of Use as Proof of Distinctiveness 1212.05(a) - Sufficiency of Claim Vis-à-Vis Nature of the Mark 1212.05(b) - “Substantially Exclusive and Continuous” 1212.05(c) - Use “as a Mark” 1212.05(d) - Form of the Proof of Five Years’ Use 1212.06 - Establishing Distinctiveness by Actual Evidence 1212.06(a) - Long Use of the Mark in Commerce 1212.06(b) - Advertising Expenditures 1212.06(c) - Affidavits or Declarations Asserting Recognition of Mark as Source Indicator 1212.06(d) - Survey Evidence, Market Research and Consumer Reaction Studies 1212.06(e) - Miscellaneous Considerations Regarding Evidence Submitted to Establish Distinctiveness 1212.06(e)(i) - First or Only User 1212.06(e)(ii) - State Trademark Registrations 1212.06(e)(iii) - Design Patent 1212.06(e)(iv) - Acquiescence to Demands of Competitors 1212.06(e)(v) - Family of Marks 1212.06(e)(vi) - Parodies and Copies 1212.07 - Form of Application Asserting Distinctiveness 1212.08 - Section 44 and §66(a) Applications and Distinctiveness 1212.09 - Section 1(b) Applications and Distinctiveness 1212.09(a) - Section 2(f) Claim Requires Prior Use 1212.09(b) - Claim of §2(f) “in Part” in §1(b) Applications 1212.10 - Printing §2(f) Notations, §2(f)-in-Part Notations, and Limitation Statements 1213 - Disclaimer of Elements in Marks 1213.01 - History of Disclaimer Practice 1213.01(a) - Discretion in Requiring Disclaimer 1213.01(b) - Refusal to Register Because of Failure to Disclaim 1213.01(c) - Voluntary Disclaimer of Registrable or Unregistrable Matter 1213.01(d) - Disclaimer Offered in the Alternative 1213.02 - “Composite” Marks 1213.03 - Disclaimer of Unregistrable Components of Marks 1213.03(a) - “Unregistrable Components” in General 1213.03(b) - Generic Matter and Matter That Does Not Function as a Mark 1213.03(c) - Pictorial Representations of Descriptive Matter 1213.03(d) - Entity Designations 1213.04 - Trade Names 1213.05 - Unitary Marks 1213.05(a) - Compound Word Marks 1213.05(a)(i) - Telescoped Words 1213.05(a)(ii) - Compound Words Formed with Hyphen or Other Punctuation 1213.05(b) - Unitary Phrases 1213.05(b)(i) - Slogans 1213.05(b)(ii) - Grammar and Punctuation 1213.05(b)(ii)(A) - Verbs 1213.05(b)(ii)(B) - Prepositional Phrases 1213.05(b)(ii)(C) - Punctuation 1213.05(b)(ii)(D) - Possessives 1213.05(b)(iii) - Other Considerations 1213.05(b)(iv) - Unregistrable Unitary Phrases or Slogans 1213.05(c) - Double Entendre 1213.05(d) - Incongruity 1213.05(e) - Sound Patterns 1213.05(f) - Display of Mark 1213.05(g) - Marks with Design Elements Replacing Letters 1213.05(g)(i) - Marks with a Distinctive Design Replacing a Letter in Descriptive or Generic Wording 1213.05(g)(ii) - Marks with Merely Descriptive or Primarily Geographically Descriptive Designs Replacing Letters within Descriptive or Primarily Geographically Descriptive Wording 1213.05(g)(iii) - Marks with Accurate Pictorial Representations Replacing Letters in Merely Descriptive and Primarily Geographically Descriptive Marks 1213.05(g)(iv) - Unitary Marks with Design Elements Replacing Letters in Descriptive or Generic Wording 1213.05(h) - Unitary Marks: Case References 1213.06 - Entire Mark May Not Be Disclaimed 1213.07 - Removal Rather Than Disclaimer 1213.08 - Form of Disclaimers 1213.08(a) - Wording of Disclaimer 1213.08(a)(i) - Standardized Printing Format for Disclaimer 1213.08(a)(ii) - Unacceptable Wording for Disclaimer 1213.08(a)(iii) - Unacceptable Statements in Disclaimers 1213.08(b) - Disclaimer of Unregistrable Matter in Its Entirety 1213.08(c) - Disclaimer of Misspelled Words 1213.08(d) - Disclaimer of Non-English Words 1213.09 - Mark of Another May Not Be Registered with Disclaimer 1213.10 - Disclaimer in Relation to Likelihood of Confusion 1213.11 - Acquiring Rights in Disclaimed Matter 1214 - “Phantom” Elements in Marks 1214.01 - Single Application May Seek Registration of Only One Mark 1214.02 - Agreement of Mark on Drawing with Mark on Specimens or Foreign Registration 1214.03 - “Phantom Marks” in §1(b) Applications 1214.04 - “Phantom Marks” in §44 and §66(a) Applications 1215 - Marks Composed, in Whole or in Part, of Domain Names 1215.01 - Background 1215.02 - Use as a Mark 1215.02(a) - Use Applications 1215.02(b) - Advertising One’s Own Products or Services on the Internet is not a Service 1215.02(c) - Agreement of Mark on Drawing with Mark on Specimens of Use 1215.02(d) - Marks Comprised Solely of gTLDs for Domain Registry Operator and Domain Name Registrar Services 1215.02(d)(i) - Prior Registration(s) of the Same Mark for Goods or Services in the Same Field of Use 1215.02(d)(ii) - Additional Proof that the Mark Used as a gTLD Will Be Perceived as a Mark 1215.02(d)(iii) - Registry Agreement/ICANN Contract 1215.02(d)(iv) - Legitimate Service for the Benefit of Others 1215.02(e) - Section 1(b) Applications 1215.02(f) - Section 44 and §66(a) Applications 1215.03 - Surnames 1215.04 - Descriptiveness 1215.05 - Generic Refusals 1215.05(a) - Genericness Analysis and Relevant Evidence 1215.05(b) - Procedures for Refusals 1215.05(b)(i) - Claim of Acquired Distinctiveness 1215.05(b)(ii) - Supplemental Register 1215.05(c) - Generic.com Terms Combined with Other Matter 1215.05(d) - Failure to Function 1215.05(e) - Section 2(d) Considerations 1215.06 - Marks Containing Geographical Matter 1215.07 - Disclaimers 1215.08 - Material Alteration 1215.08(a) - Adding or Deleting TLDs in Domain Name Marks 1215.08(b) - Adding or Deleting gTLDs in Other Marks 1215.08(c) - Adding or Deleting 1215.09 - Likelihood of Confusion 1215.10 - Marks Containing the Phonetic Equivalent of a Generic Top-Level Domain 1216 - Effect of Applicant’s Prior Registrations 1216.01 - Decisions Involving Prior Registrations Not Controlling 1216.02 - Effect of “Incontestability” in Ex Parte Examination 1217 - Res Judicata, Collateral Estoppel, and Stare Decisis 1300 - Service Marks, Collective Marks, and Certification Marks 1301 - Service Marks 1301.01 - What Is a Service? 1301.01(a) - Criteria for Determining What Constitutes a Service 1301.01(a)(i) - Performance of a Real Activity 1301.01(a)(ii) - For the Benefit of Others 1301.01(a)(iii) - Sufficiently Distinct from Activities Involved in Provision of Goods or Performance of Other Services 1301.01(b) - Whether Particular Activities Constitute “Services” 1301.01(b)(i) - Contests and Promotional Activities 1301.01(b)(ii) - Warranty or Guarantee of Repair 1301.01(b)(iii) - Publishing One’s Own Periodical 1301.01(b)(iv) - Soliciting Investors 1301.01(b)(v) - Informational Services Ancillary to the Sale of Goods 1301.01(b)(vi) - Clinical Trials 1301.02 - What Is a Service Mark? 1301.02(a) - Matter that Does Not Function as a Service Mark 1301.02(b) - Names of Characters or Personal Names as Service Marks 1301.02(c) - Three-Dimensional Trade Dress Service Marks 1301.02(d) - Titles of Radio and Television Programs 1301.02(e) - Process, System, or Method 1301.02(f) - Computer Software 1301.03 - Use of Service Mark in Commerce 1301.03(a) - Use of Service Mark in Advertising to Identify Services 1301.03(b) - Rendering of Service in Commerce Regulable by Congress 1301.04 - Specimens of Use for Service Marks 1301.04(a) - Whether the Specimen Shows the Mark as Actually Used in Commerce by the Applicant in the Sale or Advertising of the Services 1301.04(b) - Whether the Identified Services Are Registrable Services 1301.04(c) - Whether the Specimen Shows Use in Connection with All Classes in a Multiple-Class Application 1301.04(d) - Whether the Mark Is Used in Connection With the Identified Services 1301.04(e) - Whether the Mark Functions as a Service Mark 1301.04(f) - Elements of an Acceptable Service-Mark Specimen 1301.04(f)(i) - Show the Mark 1301.04(f)(ii) - Direct Association Between the Mark and the Services 1301.04(g) - Grounds for Refusal 1301.04(g)(i) - Failure to Show the Mark Used in Commerce 1301.04(g)(ii) - Failure to Show the Mark Functioning as a Service Mark 1301.04(h) - Considerations and Common Issues when Examining Certain Specimens 1301.04(h)(i) - Letterhead 1301.04(h)(ii) - Specimens for Entertainment Services 1301.04(h)(iii) - Specimens for Technology-Related Services 1301.04(h)(iv) - Common Forms of Specimens for Modern Technology-Related Services 1301.04(h)(iv)(A) - Sign-In Screens 1301.04(h)(iv)(B) - Title or Launch Screens 1301.04(h)(iv)(C) - Web Pages 1301.04(h)(iv)(D) - Services Rendered by Means of Software Applications (Apps) 1301.04(i) - Examples of Acceptable Service-mark Specimens 1301.04(j) - Examples of Unacceptable Service-mark Specimens 1301.05 - Identification and Classification of Services 1302 - Collective Marks Generally 1302.01 - Brief History of Collective Marks 1303 - Collective Trademarks and Collective Service Marks Generally 1303.01 - Application Requirements for a Collective Trademark or Collective Service Mark 1303.01(a) - Filing Basis 1303.01(a)(i) - Use in Commerce – §1(a) 1303.01(a)(i)(A) - Manner/Method of Control 1303.01(a)(i)(B) - Dates of Use 1303.01(a)(i)(C) - Specimens 1303.01(a)(ii) - Intent to Use – §1(b) 1303.01(a)(iii) - Foreign Priority – §44(d) 1303.01(a)(iv) - Foreign Registration – §44(e) 1303.01(a)(iv)(A) - Scope of Foreign Registration 1303.01(a)(v) - Extension of Protection of International Registration – §66(a) 1303.01(a)(vi) - Multiple Bases, Amending/Deleting the Basis, Review of Basis Prior to Publication/Issue 1303.01(b) - Verification of Certain Statements 1303.01(b)(i) - Statements Required in Verification of Application for Registration - §1 or §44 Application 1303.01(b)(ii) - Statements Required in Verification of Application for Registration - §66(a) Application 1303.02 - Examination of Collective Trademark and Collective Service Mark Applications 1303.02(a) - Ownership Considerations 1303.02(b) - Likelihood of Confusion 1304 - Collective Membership Marks 1304.01 - Collective Membership Marks Generally 1304.02 - Application Requirements for Collective Membership Marks 1304.02(a) - Filing Basis 1304.02(a)(i) - Use in Commerce – §1(a) 1304.02(a)(i)(A) - Manner/Method of Control 1304.02(a)(i)(B) - Dates of Use 1304.02(a)(i)(C) - Specimens 1304.02(a)(ii) - Intent to Use – §1(b) 1304.02(a)(iii) - Foreign Priority – §44(d) 1304.02(a)(iv) - Foreign Registration – §44(e) 1304.02(a)(iv)(A) - Scope of Foreign Registration 1304.02(a)(v) - Extension of Protection of International Registration – §66(a) 1304.02(a)(vi) - Multiple Bases, Amending/Deleting the Basis, Review of Basis Prior to Publication/Issue 1304.02(b) - Verification of Certain Statements 1304.02(b)(i) - Statements Required in Verification of Application for Registration - §1 or §44 Application 1304.02(b)(ii) - Statements Required in Verification of Application for Registration - §66(a) Application 1304.02(c) - Identification of Nature of Collective Membership Organization 1304.02(d) - Classification 1304.03 - Examination of Collective Membership Mark Applications 1304.03(a) - Ownership Considerations 1304.03(b) - Specimen Refusals Specific to Collective Membership Marks 1304.03(b)(i) - Matter that Does Not Function as a Membership Mark 1304.03(b)(ii) - Degree or Title Designations 1304.03(c) - Likelihood of Confusion 1305 - Trademarks and Service Marks Used by Collective Organizations 1306 - Certification Marks 1306.01 - Types of Certification Marks 1306.01(a) - Use Is by Person Other than Owner of Certification Mark 1306.01(b) - Purpose Is to Certify, Not to Indicate Source 1306.01(c) - Identifying Certification Mark Applications 1306.02 - Application Requirements for a Certification Mark 1306.02(a) - Filing Basis 1306.02(a)(i) - Use in Commerce – §1(a) 1306.02(a)(i)(A) - Dates of Use 1306.02(a)(i)(B) - Specimens 1306.02(a)(ii) - Intent-to-Use – §1(b) 1306.02(a)(iii) - Foreign Priority – §44(d) 1306.02(a)(iv) - Foreign Registration – §44(e) 1306.02(a)(iv)(A) - Scope of Foreign Registration 1306.02(a)(v) - Extension of Protection of International Registration – §66(a) 1306.02(a)(vi) - Multiple Bases, Amending/Deleting the Basis, Review of Basis Prior to Publication/Issue 1306.02(b) - Verification of Certain Statements 1306.02(b)(i) - Statements Required in Verification of Application for Registration - §1 or §44 Application 1306.02(b)(ii) - Statements Required in Verification of Application for Registration - §66(a) Application 1306.02(c) - Identification of Goods and Services of the Authorized Users 1306.02(d) - Classification 1306.03 - Special Elements of Certification Mark Applications 1306.03(a) - Certification Statement 1306.03(b) - Certification Standards – Required for §1(a) Applications and Allegations of Use Only 1306.03(c) - Statement that Applicant Is Not Engaged in (or Will not Engage in) Production or Marketing of the Goods/Services 1306.04 - Examination of Certification Mark Applications 1306.04(a) - Compare the Mark on the Drawing to the Specimen for §1(a) 1306.04(b) - Ownership 1306.04(b)(i) - Exercise of Control 1306.04(b)(ii) - Distinguishing Certification Mark Use from Related-Company Use of Trademark or Service Mark 1306.04(b)(iii) - Patent Licenses 1306.04(c) - Characteristics of Certification Marks – Specimen Shows Mark Functions as a Certification Mark 1306.04(d) - Specimen Refusals Specific to Certification Marks 1306.04(d)(i) - Whether Certification Mark and Trademark or Service Mark Appear on Specimen Together 1306.04(d)(ii) - Specimen Shows Use as Title or Degree for Certification Mark Certifying that Labor Was Performed by Specific Group or Individual 1306.04(e) - Relationship of §14 (Cancellation) 1306.04(f) - Same Mark Not Registrable as Certification Mark and as Any Other Type of Mark 1306.04(f)(i) - Cancellation of Applicant’s Prior Registration Required by Change from Certification Mark Use to Trademark or Service Mark Use, or Vice Versa 1306.05 - Geographic Certification Marks 1306.05(a) - Geographic Certification Marks – Generally 1306.05(b) - Additional Considerations in Geographic Certification Mark Applications 1306.05(b)(i) - Certification Statement 1306.05(b)(ii) - Authority to Control a Geographic Certification Mark 1306.05(b)(iii) - Specimens 1306.05(c) - Mark Must Serve to Certify Geographic Origin 1306.05(d) - Section 2(e)(2) Does Not Apply to Geographic Certification Marks 1306.05(e) - Geographically Deceptive Marks Not Registrable as Geographic Certification Marks 1306.05(f) - Geographic Designations that Do Not Certify Regional Origin 1306.05(g) - Likelihood-of-Confusion Search and Analysis 1306.05(g)(i) - Considerations When the Proposed Mark Is a Geographic Certification Mark 1306.05(g)(ii) - Considerations When the Proposed Mark Contains a Geographic Designation but Is Not a Geographic Certification Mark 1306.05(h) - American Viticultural Areas 1306.05(i) - Geographic Certification Marks Containing §2(b) Matter 1306.05(j) - Examples of Geographic Certification Marks 1306.06 - Uncertainty Regarding Type of Mark 1306.06(a) - Distinction Between Certification Mark and Collective Mark 1306.06(b) - Amendment to Different Type of Mark 1306.06(c) - Registration as Correct Type of Mark 1400 - Classification and Identification of Goods and Services 1401 - Classification 1401.01 - Statutory Authority 1401.02 - International Trademark Classification Adopted 1401.02(a) - Headings of International Trademark Classes 1401.02(b) - Short Titles for International Trademark Classes 1401.02(c) - International Alphabetical List 1401.03 - Designation of Class 1401.03(a) - Designation of Class by Applicant Normally Initially Accepted in Applications Under §§1 and 44 1401.03(b) - Designation of Class by USPTO When Class Number Is Not Designated or Is Inaccurate in Application Under §1 or §44 1401.03(c) - Failure to Classify May Delay Action in Applications Under §§1 and 44 1401.03(d) - Classification Determined by World Intellectual Property Organization in §66(a) Applications 1401.04 - Classification Determines Number of Fees 1401.04(a) - Prior United States Classification System 1401.04(b) - Limiting Goods and Services to the Number of Classes for Which Filing Fees Are Paid 1401.05 - Criteria on Which International Classification Is Based 1401.05(a) - Identification and Classification of Kits, Gift Baskets, and Items Sold as a Unit 1401.05(b) - Medical vs. Non-Medical Goods 1401.05(c) - Classification and Plurality of Uses 1401.05(d) - Identification and Classification of 1401.05(e) - Identification and Classification of 1401.06 - Specimen(s) as Related to Classification 1401.07 - Specimen Discloses Special Characteristics 1401.08 - Classification and the Identification of Goods and Services 1401.09 - Implementation of Changes to the Nice Agreement 1401.10 - Effective Date of Changes to USPTO ID Manual 1401.10(a) - Effective Date of USPTO ID Manual Entries for Applications Filed Under §66(a) 1401.11 - Changes in Practice Based on the Restructuring of International Class 42 in the 8th Edition of the Nice Agreement 1401.11(a) - Elimination of 1401.12 - General Summary of Major Changes in Practice Based on the 9th Edition of the Nice Agreement 1401.12(a) - Legal Services Transferred to International Class 45 1401.12(b) - Goods Made of Precious Metal are Classified According to Their Function 1401.12(c) - Transfer of Aquaria and Related Items 1401.13 - General Summary of Major Changes in Practice Based on the 10th Edition of the Nice Agreement 1401.13(a) - Electric/Electrothermic Goods 1401.13(b) - Amusement and Game-Playing Apparatus 1401.13(c) - Food Additives 1401.13(d) - Dietetic Substances and Meal Replacements 1401.13(e) - Marketing Services 1401.14 - General Summary of Major Changes in Practice Based on the 11th Edition of the Nice Agreement 1401.14(a) - Cosmetic and Toiletry Preparations and Soaps 1401.14(b) - Household or Kitchen Serving Utensils and Small Hand-operated Kitchen Apparatus for Mincing, Grinding, Pressing, or Crushing 1401.14(c) - Dietetic Food and Beverages Adapted for Medical or Veterinary Use 1401.14(d) - Nut and Plant Milks; Milk Substitutes 1401.14(e) - Security Services in Class 42 and Class 45 1401.14(f) - Ivory, Bone, Whalebone, Horn, Tusks, or Other Items Prohibited under Federal Law 1401.15 - General Summary of Major Changes in Practice Based on the 12th Edition of the Nice Agreement 1401.15(a) - Dispensers 1401.15(b) - Non-fungible Tokens (NFTs) 1401.15(c) - Virtual Services 1402 - Identification of Goods and Services 1402.01 - Specifying the Goods and/or Services - in General 1402.01(a) - General Guidelines for Acceptable Identifications of Goods or Services 1402.01(b) - Identification of Goods and Services in a §44 Application 1402.01(c) - Identification and Classification of Goods and Services in a §66(a) Application 1402.01(d) - Location of 1402.01(e) - Responsibilities of Examining Attorney as to Identification 1402.02 - Entitlement to Filing Date With Respect to Identification of Goods and Services 1402.03 - Specificity of Terms Used in Identifying Goods and Services 1402.03(a) - Inclusive Terminology 1402.03(b) - House Marks 1402.03(c) - Marks for a 1402.03(d) - Identifying Recorded or Downloadable Computer Programs and Software 1402.03(e) - Identifying Printed, Downloadable, or Recorded Publications with Specificity 1402.03(f) - Recognition of Industry Terms 1402.03(g) - Name and/or Acronym of Trademark Protection System or Scheme for Geographical Indication Appearing in Identification 1402.04 - Acceptable Identification of Goods and Services Manual 1402.05 - Accuracy of Identification 1402.05(a) - Goods That Are Components or Ingredients 1402.05(b) - Material Composition 1402.06 - Amendments Permitted to Clarify or Limit Identification 1402.06(a) - Limiting the Identification of Goods and Services 1402.06(b) - Clarifying the Identification of Goods and Services 1402.07 - Scope of Identification of Goods and Services for Purposes of Amendment 1402.07(a) - The Ordinary-Meaning Test 1402.07(b) - Ambiguous Identifications 1402.07(c) - Unambiguous Identifications 1402.07(d) - Permissible Scope of Identification Not Affected by Proposed Amendment That Is Unacceptable 1402.07(e) - Permissible Scope of Identification Affected by Proposed Amendment That Is Acceptable 1402.08 - Moving Goods and Services Between Companion Applications 1402.09 - Use of Marks or Terms 1402.10 - Identification of Goods and Services in Documents Filed in Connection with §1(b) Applications 1402.11 - Identification of Services 1402.11(a) - Computer Services 1402.11(a)(i) - Services Classified in Classes 35, 36, 37, 39, 40, 41, 43, 44, and 45 1402.11(a)(ii) - Content Providers 1402.11(a)(iii) - Provision of Telecommunications Connections to the Internet 1402.11(a)(iv) - Office-Function-Type and Computerized Web Traffic Services 1402.11(a)(v) - Computer Installation and Repair Services 1402.11(a)(vi) - Retail Services 1402.11(a)(vii) - Computer Entertainment Services 1402.11(a)(viii) - Computer Design and Development Services 1402.11(a)(ix) - Database Services 1402.11(a)(x) - Online Publications 1402.11(a)(xi) - Electronic Storage, Hosting of Data, and Cloud Computing 1402.11(a)(xii) - Providing On-line Non-Downloadable Computer Software 1402.11(b) - Information Services 1402.11(c) - Association Services 1402.11(d) - Charitable Services, Other than Monetary 1402.11(e) - Consulting Services 1402.11(f) - Distribution of Videotapes, Audiotapes, Videodiscs, and Similar Goods 1402.11(g) - Recorded Entertainment Services 1402.11(h) - Identification of 1402.11(i) - Marketing Services and Advertising Services 1402.11(j) - Issuing Awards 1402.11(k) - Accreditation- and Certification-Related Services vs. Certification Marks 1402.12 - Parentheses and Brackets Should Not be Used in Identifications of Goods and Services 1402.13 - Requirement for Amendment of Portion of Identification of Goods/Services 1402.14 - Identification of Goods/Services Must Conform to Rules and Policies in Effect at the Time Registration is Sought 1402.15 - Procedures for Processing Unacceptable Amendments to Identifications 1403 - Combined or Multiple-Class Applications 1403.01 - Requirements for Combined or Multiple-Class Applications 1403.02 - Amendment of Combined or Multiple-Class Application 1403.02(a) - Deletion of Classes 1403.02(b) - Correction of Classification 1403.02(c) - Addition of Classes 1403.03 - Dividing of Combined or Multiple-Class Application 1403.04 - Refusals and Oppositions as to Less Than All the Classes in a Multiple-Class Application 1403.05 - Fees for Action After Filing, Multiple Classes 1403.06 - Surrender or Amendment in Multiple-Class Registrations 1500 - Post-Examination Procedures 1501 - Appeal to Trademark Trial and Appeal Board 1501.01 - Appealable Matter 1501.02 - Appeal Briefs 1501.02(a) - Applicant’s Appeal Brief 1501.02(b) - Examining Attorney’s Appeal Brief 1501.02(c) - Reply Briefs in Ex Parte Appeals 1501.03 - Withdrawal of Refusal or Requirement After Appeal 1501.04 - Fee for Appeal 1501.05 - Amendment During Appeal 1501.06 - Amendment After Decision on Appeal 1501.07 - Examining Attorney’s Request for Reconsideration 1502 - Publication in Trademark Official Gazette 1502.01 - Notification of Clerical Errors in Trademark Official Gazette 1503 - Opposition 1503.01 - Filing a Notice of Opposition 1503.02 - Joining Persons in an Opposition 1503.03 - Time for Opposing 1503.04 - Extension of Time to Oppose 1503.05 - Opposition to §66(a) Applications 1504 - Jurisdiction over Application 1504.01 - Jurisdiction of Examining Attorney 1504.02 - Jurisdiction of Trademark Trial and Appeal Board 1504.03 - Action by Examining Attorney After Publication 1504.04 - Restoration of Jurisdiction to Examining Attorney by Director 1504.04(a) - Request for Jurisdiction 1504.05 - Remand to Examining Attorney by Trademark Trial and Appeal Board 1505 - Amendments Filed by Applicants After Publication 1505.01 - Procedures for Processing Amendments Filed by the Applicant After Publication 1505.01(a) - Requirement for Representation, and Form and Timing of Amendments 1505.01(b) - Processing Amendments to §1(a), §44, and §66(a) Applications in Cases Where No Opposition Has Been Filed and a Registration Certificate Has Not Yet Issued 1505.01(b)(i) - Acceptable Amendments 1505.01(b)(ii) - Unacceptable Amendments 1505.01(c) - Processing Amendments to §1(b) Applications in Cases Where No Opposition Has Been Filed and No Notice of Allowance Has Issued 1505.01(c)(i) - Acceptable Amendments 1505.01(c)(ii) - Unacceptable Amendments 1505.01(d) - Processing Amendments Filed Between Issuance of the Notice of Allowance and Filing of Statement of Use 1505.01(e) - Processing Amendments in Cases Where a Request for Extension of Time to Oppose Has Been Filed or Granted 1505.01(f) - Processing Amendments in Cases Where an Opposition Has Been Filed 1505.02 - Types of Amendments After Publication 1505.02(a) - Amendments to the Identification 1505.02(b) - Amendments to Classification 1505.02(c) - Amendments to Marks 1505.02(d) - Amendments to the Dates of Use 1505.02(e) - Amendments Adding or Deleting Disclaimers 1505.02(f) - Amendment of the Basis 1505.02(g) - Amendments to the Applicant’s Name, Citizenship, or Entity Type 1505.03 - Republication for Opposition 1505.03(a) - When Republication Is Required 1505.03(b) - When Republication Is Not Required 1506 - Concurrent Use Registration Proceeding 1507 - Interference 1600 - Registration and Post Registration Procedures 1601 - Types of Registrations 1601.01 - Registrations Now Being Issued 1601.01(a) - Certificate of Registration 1601.01(b) - Presentation Copy of Registration Certificate 1601.01(c) - Registered Extension of Protection of International Registration to the United States 1601.02 - Repeal of Prior Acts 1601.03 - Additional Registration Under Act of 1946 1601.04 - 1881 and 1905 Act Registrations 1601.05 - 1920 Act Registrations 1601.06 - Registrations Issued Under Prior Classification Systems 1601.07 - Form of Copies of Registrations 1602 - Duration and Maintenance of Registrations 1602.01 - Act of 1946, as Amended 1602.02 - Acts of 1881 and 1905 1602.03 - Act of 1920 1602.04 - Trademark Law Treaty Implementation Act Changes 1603 - Bringing Prior Act Registrations Under 1946 Act, §12(c) 1603.01 - Notification and Publication of Mark in Trademark Official Gazette 1603.02 - Cancellation and Incontestability 1603.03 - Affidavits or Declarations of Use in Commerce Required 1604 - Affidavit or Declaration of Use or Excusable Nonuse of Mark in Commerce under §8 of the Trademark Act 1604.01 - Registrations to Which §8 Affidavit or Declaration Pertains 1604.02 - Notice of When Affidavit or Declaration Is Due 1604.03 - Form for Filing §8 Affidavit or Declaration 1604.04 - Time for Filing §8 Affidavit or Declaration 1604.04(a) - Premature Filing of §8 Affidavit or Declaration 1604.04(b) - Registrations in Twenty-Year Terms 1604.05 - Requirements for §8 Affidavit or Declaration 1604.06 - Fees for §8 Affidavit or Declaration 1604.06(a) - Filing Fee for Affidavit or Declaration 1604.06(b) - Grace Period Surcharge and Deficiency Surcharge 1604.06(c) - Processing Affidavit or Declaration Filed with Insufficient Fees 1604.07 - Ownership and Who May File §8 Affidavit or Declaration 1604.07(a) - Affidavit or Declaration Must Be Filed by Owner 1604.07(b) - Establishing Ownership 1604.07(c) - Acceptance Notice Issued in Name of Owner of Record 1604.07(d) - Changes of Legal Entity 1604.07(e) - Changes of Name 1604.07(f) - Correction of Mistake in Setting Forth the Name of the Owner 1604.08 - Execution of Affidavit or Declaration 1604.08(a) - Persons Who May Sign Affidavit or Declaration 1604.08(b) - Date of Execution of Affidavit or Declaration 1604.08(c) - Signature of Electronically Transmitted Affidavit or Declaration 1604.08(d) - Form and Wording of Verification 1604.09 - Goods/Services/Classes Set Forth in §8 Affidavit or Declaration 1604.09(a) - Goods/Services/Collective Membership Organization Must Be Specified or Expressly Incorporated by Reference 1604.09(b) - Deletion of Goods/Services/Classes 1604.09(c) - Failure to List All Goods/Services/Collective Membership Organization in Registration 1604.09(d) - New Goods and/or Services Cannot Be Added 1604.10 - Use in Commerce 1604.11 - “Excusable Nonuse” of Mark 1604.12 - Specimen Showing Current Use of Mark in Commerce 1604.12(a) - Specimen for Each Class Required 1604.12(b) - Specimen Submission Issues 1604.12(c) - Substitute Specimens 1604.13 - Differences in the Mark as Used on the Specimen and the Mark as Registered 1604.13(a) - Possible Amendment of Mark in Registration 1604.14 - Designation of Domestic Representative by Foreign Owner 1604.15 - Office Actions and Notices Regarding Affidavit or Declaration 1604.16 - Response to Office Action 1604.17 - Correction of Deficiencies in §8 Affidavit or Declaration 1604.17(a) - Correcting Deficiencies in Affidavits or Declarations Timely Filed Within the Periods Set Forth in §8(a) of the Act 1604.17(b) - Correcting Deficiencies in Affidavits or Declarations Filed During the Grace Period 1604.17(c) - Defects That Cannot be Cured After Expiration of the Grace Period 1604.18 - Petition Under 37 C.F.R. §2.146 1604.18(a) - Response to Examiner’s Refusal Required Before Petition 1604.18(b) - Decision on Petition Is Final Action of the USPTO 1604.18(c) - Request for Reconsideration of Denial of Petition 1604.18(d) - Appeal to Federal Court 1604.19 - Section 8 Affidavit or Declaration of Use or Excusable Nonuse Combined with Renewal Application 1604.20 - Additional Requirements for §8 Affidavits or Declarations Pertaining to Collective Marks 1604.20(a) - Exercising Legitimate Control 1604.20(b) - Manner/Method of Control 1604.21 - Additional Requirements for §8 Affidavits or Declarations Pertaining to Certification Marks 1604.21(a) - Certification Standards 1604.21(b) - Exercising Legitimate Control 1604.21(c) - Certification Statement 1604.21(d) - Statement that Owner is Not Engaged in Production or Marketing of the Goods/Services 1604.22 - Post Registration Audit 1604.23 - Correction of §8 Affidavit or Declaration 1605 - Affidavit or Declaration of Incontestability Under §15 of the Trademark Act 1605.01 - Registrations to Which §15 Affidavit or Declaration Pertains 1605.02 - Form for Filing Affidavit or Declaration of Incontestability 1605.03 - Time for Filing Affidavit or Declaration of Incontestability 1605.04 - Requirements for Affidavit or Declaration of Incontestability 1605.05 - Combining §15 Affidavit or Declaration with §8 Affidavit or Declaration 1605.06 - Section 14 Limitation Is Independent of §15 Affidavit or Declaration 1606 - Renewal of Registration Under §9 of the Trademark Act 1606.01 - Which Registrations Must Be Renewed Under §9 1606.01(a) - Registrations Based on Applications Under §1 or §44 Must Be Renewed Under §9 1606.01(b) - Section 9 Does Not Apply to Extensions of Protection of International Registrations to the United States 1606.01(c) - Renewal of Registrations Issued Under Prior U.S. Trademark Acts Must Be Renewed Under §9 1606.02 - Requirements for Renewal Under §9 1606.03 - Time for Filing §9 Renewal Application 1606.03(a) - Premature Filing of §9 Renewal Application 1606.04 - Form for Filing §9 Renewal Application 1606.05 - Fees for §9 Renewal Applications 1606.05(a) - Fee for Filing Application for Renewal Under §9 1606.05(b) - Grace Period Surcharge and Deficiency Surcharge 1606.05(c) - Processing §9 Renewal Application Filed with Insufficient Fees 1606.06 - Ownership and Who May File §9 Renewal Application 1606.07 - Execution of §9 Renewal Application 1606.08 - Goods/Services/Classes Set Forth in §9 Renewal Application 1606.08(a) - Listing of Goods/Services/Classes Required Only for Partial Renewal 1606.08(b) - No Goods/Services/Classes Listed 1606.08(c) - Some Goods/Services/Classes Listed 1606.08(d) - Goods/Services/Classes Not Listed in Registration May Not Be Listed in Renewal Application 1606.09 - Affidavit of Use in Commerce or Excusable Nonuse Not Required 1606.10 - Designation of Domestic Representative by Foreign Applicant for Renewal Under §9 1606.11 - Office Actions and Notices Regarding §9 Renewal Application 1606.12 - Response to Office Action 1606.13 - Correction of Deficiencies in §9 Renewal Applications 1606.13(a) - Correcting Deficiencies in §9 Renewal Applications Filed Within the Year Before the Expiration Date of the Registration 1606.13(b) - Correcting Deficiencies in Renewal Applications Filed During the Grace Period 1606.13(c) - Late Filing Cannot Be Cured 1606.14 - Petition to the Director Under 37 C.F.R. §2.146 1606.14(a) - Response to Examiner’s Refusal Required Before Petition 1606.14(b) - Decision on Petition is Final Action of the USPTO 1606.14(c) - Request for Reconsideration of Denial of Petition 1606.14(d) - Appeal to Federal Court 1606.15 - Section 9 Renewal Application Combined with Affidavit or Declaration of Use or Excusable Nonuse 1607 - Cancellation of Registrations Under §§14 and 37 of the Trademark Act 1608 - Surrender of Registration for Cancellation 1609 - Amendment and Correction of Registrations 1609.01 - Amendment of Registration - In General 1609.01(a) - Limited Amendments to Registered Extension of Protection 1609.01(b) - Amendment of Registration Resulting from §1 or §44 Application 1609.02 - Amendment of Mark 1609.02(a) - Determining What Constitutes Material Alteration of Mark 1609.02(b) - New Drawing Required 1609.02(c) - Supporting Specimens and Declaration 1609.02(d) - Conforming Amendments 1609.02(e) - Amendment of Black-and-White Drawing of Mark for Which Color Is Claimed to Substitute Color Drawing 1609.02(f) - Amendment of Black-and-White Drawing to Color Drawing 1609.02(g) - Amendment to Special Form Drawing Containing Black, White, and/or Gray 1609.03 - Amendment of Identification 1609.04 - Amendment of Classification 1609.05 - Disclaimer of Mark and Claim of Acquired Distinctiveness 1609.06 - Territorial Restrictions 1609.07 - Dates of Use 1609.08 - Effect of Amendment of Registration on Limitation of Grounds for Cancellation of a Registration 1609.09 - Amendment of Registered Mark from Supplemental to Principal Register Not Permitted 1609.10 - Correction of Mistake in Registration 1609.10(a) - Correction of USPTO Error 1609.10(b) - Correction of Owner’s Error 1609.11 - Change of Owner’s Address Can Be Filed Through TEAS 1609.12 - Amendment of Certification Statement for Certification Marks 1610 - Court Orders Concerning Registrations 1611 - Updating Automated Records to Show the Status of Registrations 1612 - Requirement for Registrant’s Correspondence Email and Domicile Address, Representation, and Attorney Identification Information 1612.01 - Correspondence Email and Domicile Address of Registrant 1612.01(a) - Correspondence Email Address 1612.01(b) - Domicile Address of Mark Owner 1612.02 - Representation Based on Domicile of Mark Owner 1612.03 - Attorney Identification Information 1613 - Affidavit or Declaration of Use in Commerce or Excusable Nonuse Under §71 of the Trademark Act 1613.01 - Registrations to Which §71 Affidavit or Declaration Pertains 1613.02 - Notice of When Affidavit or Declaration Is Due 1613.03 - Form for Filing §71 Affidavit or Declaration 1613.04 - Time for Filing §71 Affidavit or Declaration 1613.05 - Requirements for §71 Affidavit or Declaration of Use or Excusable Nonuse 1613.06 - Fees for §71 Affidavit or Declaration 1613.06(a) - Filing Fee for Affidavit or Declaration 1613.06(b) - Grace Period Surcharge and Deficiency Surcharge 1613.06(c) - Processing Affidavit or Declaration Filed with Insufficient Fees 1613.07 - Ownership and Who May File §71 Affidavit or Declaration 1613.07(a) - Affidavit or Declaration Must Be Filed by Holder 1613.07(b) - Establishing Ownership 1613.07(c) - Changes of Legal Entity 1613.07(d) - Changes of Name 1613.07(e) - Correction of Mistake in Setting Forth the Name of the Holder 1613.08 - Execution of Affidavit or Declaration 1613.08(a) - Persons Who May Sign Affidavit or Declaration 1613.08(b) - Date of Execution of Affidavit or Declaration 1613.08(c) - Signature of Electronically Transmitted Affidavit or Declaration 1613.08(d) - Form and Wording of Verification 1613.09 - Goods/Services/Classes Set Forth in §71 Affidavit or Declaration 1613.09(a) - Goods/Services/Collective Membership Organization Must Be Specified or Expressly Incorporated by Reference 1613.09(b) - Deletion of Goods/Services/Classes 1613.09(c) - Failure to List All Goods/Services/Collective Membership Organization in Registration 1613.09(d) - New Goods and/or Services Cannot Be Added 1613.10 - Use in Commerce 1613.11 - “Excusable Nonuse” of Mark 1613.12 - Specimen Showing Current Use of Mark in Commerce 1613.12(a) - Specimen for Each Class Required 1613.12(b) - Specimens Submission Issues 1613.12(c) - Substitute Specimens 1613.13 - Differences in the Mark as Used on the Specimen and the Mark as Registered 1613.13(a) - Amendment of Mark in Registration 1613.14 - Designation of Domestic Representative by Foreign Holder 1613.15 - Office Actions and Notices Regarding Affidavit or Declaration 1613.16 - Response to Office Action 1613.17 - Correction of Deficiencies in §71 Affidavit or Declaration 1613.17(a) - Correcting Deficiencies in Affidavits or Declarations Timely Filed Within the Periods Set Forth in §71(a) of the Act 1613.17(b) - Correcting Deficiencies in Affidavits or Declarations Filed During the Grace Period 1613.17(c) - Defects That Cannot Be Cured After Expiration of the Grace Period 1613.18 - Petition Under 37 C.F.R. §2.146 1613.18(a) - Response to Examiner’s Refusal Required Before Petition 1613.18(b) - Decision on Petition Is Final Action of the USPTO 1613.18(c) - Request for Reconsideration of Denial of Petition 1613.18(d) - Appeal to Federal Court 1613.19 - Section 71 Affidavit or Declaration Combined with Section 15 Affidavit or Declaration 1613.20 - Additional Requirements for §71 Affidavits or Declarations Pertaining to Collective Marks 1613.20(a) - Exercising Legitimate Control 1613.20(b) - Manner/Method of Control 1613.21 - Additional Requirements for §71 Affidavits or Declarations Pertaining to Certification Marks 1613.21(a) - Certification Standards 1613.21(b) - Exercising Legitimate Control 1613.21(c) - Certification Statement 1613.21(d) - Statement that Holder is Not Engaged in Production or Marketing of the Goods/Services 1613.22 - Post Registration Audit 1613.23 - Correction of §71 Affidavit or Declaration 1614 - Renewal of Registered Extension of Protection 1615 - Division of Registrations 1615.01 - Division of Registration Based on Application Under §1 or §44 of the Trademark Act 1615.02 - Division of Registered Extension of Protection 1616 - Replacement with a Section 66(a) Registration 1700 - Petitions, Requests for Reinstatement, and Other Matters Submitted to Director 1701 - Statutory Authority of Director 1702 - Petitions to the Director Under 37 C.F.R. §2.146 - In General 1703 - Specific Types of Petitions 1704 - Petitionable Subject Matter 1705 - Petition Procedure 1705.01 - Standing 1705.02 - Petition Fee 1705.03 - Evidence and Proof of Facts 1705.04 - Timeliness 1705.05 - Due Diligence 1705.06 - Stay or Suspension of Pending Matters 1705.07 - Requirement for Representation and Signature 1705.07(a) - Requirement for Representation of Non-U.S.-domiciled Petitioner 1705.07(b) - Signature of Petition 1705.08 - Request for Reconsideration of Denial of Petition 1705.09 - Appeal to Federal Court 1706 - Standard of Review on Petition 1707 - Director’s Supervisory Authority Under 37 C.F.R. §2.146(a)(3) 1708 - Waiver of Rules 1708.01 - Petition to Waive Domicile Address Requirement 1709 - Petitions to the Director Under 37 C.F.R. §2.147 to Accept Paper Submissions 1709.01 - TEAS Unavailable on the Date of Filing Deadline 1709.01(a) - TEAS Unavailable Due to Widespread or Lengthy USPTO System Outage 1709.01(b) - TEAS Unavailable Due to Limited or Short-term USPTO System Outage or User’s System Outage 1709.02 - Certain Paper Submissions with Statutory Deadlines 1709.03 - Extraordinary Situation 1710 - Petition to Make Special 1710.01 - Basis for Granting or Denying Petition 1710.02 - Processing Petition 1711 - Review of Denial of Filing Dates 1712 - Reinstatement of Applications and Registrations 1712.01 - Reinstatement of Applications Abandoned Due to USPTO Error 1712.02 - Reinstatement of Registrations Cancelled or Expired 1712.02(a) - Request for Reinstatement Due to USPTO Error 1712.02(b) - Petition to Reinstate a Cancelled Registration and Accept a Late Response to a Post Registration Office Action 1712.02(b)(i) - Time for Filing Petition 1712.02(b)(ii) - Standard of Review 1712.02(b)(iii) - No Authority to Waive Statutory Requirements 1713 - Petition to Reverse Holding of Abandonment of Application for Incomplete Response 1713.01 - Standard of Review 1713.02 - Failure to Respond to Notice of Incomplete Response or Denial of Request for Reconsideration with No Appeal Filed 1714 - Petition to Revive Abandoned Application 1714.01 - Procedural Requirements for Filing Petition to Revive 1714.01(a) - Failure to Timely Respond to an Examining Attorney’s Office Action 1714.01(a)(i) - Response to Nonfinal Office Action 1714.01(a)(ii) - Response to Final Office Action 1714.01(b) - Failure to File a Statement of Use or Extension Request - Notice of Allowance Received 1714.01(b)(i) - Applicant Must File Statement of Use or Further Extension Requests During Pendency of a Petition 1714.01(c) - Notice of Allowance Not Received 1714.01(d) - Timeliness 1714.01(e) - Signed Statement that Delay Was Unintentional 1714.01(f) - Applicability of Unintentional Delay Standard 1714.01(f)(i) - Situations Where the Unintentional Delay Standard Applies 1714.01(f)(ii) - Situations Where the Unintentional Delay Standard Does Not Apply 1714.01(f)(ii)(A) - Holding of Abandonment of an Application for Incomplete Response 1714.01(f)(ii)(B) - Examining Attorney’s Refusal of Registration on Ground That Applicant Did Not Meet Statutory Requirements Before Expiration of Deadline for Filing Statement of Use 1714.01(f)(ii)(C) - Goods/Services Omitted from Statement of Use or Request for Extension of Time to File a Statement of Use 1714.01(f)(ii)(D) - Registered Marks 1714.01(f)(ii)(E) - Dismissal of Appeal for Failure to File a Brief 1714.01(g) - Request for Reconsideration of Denial of Petition to Revive 1715 - Letters of Protest Against Pending Applications 1715.01 - Appropriate and Inappropriate Subjects to Be Raised in Letter of Protest 1715.01(a) - Issues Appropriate as Subjects of Letters of Protest 1715.01(b) - Issues Inappropriate as Subjects of Letters of Protest 1715.02 - Timely Filing of Letter of Protest 1715.03 - Letter of Protest Filed Before Publication 1715.03(a) - Standard of Review for Letter of Protest Filed Before Publication 1715.03(b) - Action by Examining Attorney Before Publication 1715.04 - Letters of Protest Filed on the Date of Publication or After Publication 1715.04(a) - Standard of Review for Letters of Protest Filed on the Date of Publication or After Publication 1715.04(b) - Jurisdiction of Application After Publication 1715.04(c) - Action by Examining Attorney After Publication 1715.04(d) - Letter of Protest Does Not Stay or Extend Opposition Period 1715.05 - Information for Parties Filing Letter of Protest 1715.05(a) - Types of Evidence Appropriate for Letter of Protest 1715.05(b) - Amount and Format of Evidence for Letter of Protest 1715.05(c) - Letter-of-Protest Evidence – Trademark Trial and Appeal Board Proceedings 1715.06 - Requests for Copy of Letter of Protest 1715.07 - Recourse if Letter of Protest Submission is Determined to be Noncompliant 1716 - Petitions for Expungement or Reexamination 1716.01 - Timing for Requesting and Instituting Expungement or Reexamination Proceedings 1716.02 - Petitions to Request Expungement or Reexamination 1716.02(a) - Basis for the Petition 1716.02(b) - Requirements for a Complete Petition 1716.02(c) - Reasonable Investigation Requirement 1716.02(c)(i) - Definition of Reasonable Investigation 1716.02(c)(ii) - Sources of Information and Evidence 1716.02(d) - Notice of Petition for Expungement or Reexamination 1716.03 - Instituting Expungement and Reexamination Proceedings 1716.03(a) - Prima Facie Case of Nonuse 1716.03(b) - Consolidating Proceedings 1716.04 - Procedures for Expungement and Reexamination Proceedings 1716.04(a) - Notice of Institution and Office Action 1716.04(b) - Responding to the Initial Office Action 1716.04(c) - Evidence of Use or Excusable Nonuse 1716.04(d) - Deleting Goods and/or Services or Surrendering the Registration 1716.04(e) - Final Action and Notice of Termination 1716.04(f) - Requesting Reinstatement After Cancellation for Failure to Respond 1716.04(g) - Estoppel 1716.04(h) - Co-pending Proceedings 1800 - Public Inquiries About Applications and Registrations 1801 - USPTO Personnel May Not Express Opinion on Validity of Registered Trademark 1801.01 - USPTO Personnel Cannot Testify 1802 - Congressional and Other Official Inquiries 1803 - Freedom of Information Act Requests 1804 - Inquiries from Members of the Press 1805 - General Inquiries from the Public 1806 - Contacts with Third Parties Regarding Ex Parte Matters 1807 - USPTO Website 1900 - Madrid Protocol 1901 - Overview of the Madrid System of International Registration 1902 - International Application Originating from the United States 1902.01 - Who Can File 1902.02 - Minimum Requirements for Date of Receipt of International Application in USPTO 1902.02(a) - Form of International Application 1902.02(b) - Basic Application or Registration Number 1902.02(c) - Name and Addresses of Applicant 1902.02(d) - Reproduction (Drawing) of Mark 1902.02(e) - Color Claim 1902.02(f) - Identification of Goods/Services 1902.02(f)(i) - House Marks and “Full Line of …” 1902.02(f)(ii) - Providing a Website/Online Portal 1902.02(g) - Classification in International Applications 1902.02(g)(i) - Reclassifying Goods/Services 1902.02(g)(ii) - U. S. Classes A, B, and 200 1902.02(g)(iii) - Kits and Gift Baskets 1902.02(h) - List of Contracting Parties 1902.02(i) - Fees 1902.02(j) - Statement of Entitlement 1902.02(k) - Description of Mark 1902.02(l) - Indication of Type of Mark 1902.02(m) - Email Address of Applicant 1902.03 - Certification of International Application by USPTO 1902.03(a) - Petition to Review Refusal to Certify 1902.03(b) - Petition for an International Application or Registration 1902.04 - Date of International Registration 1902.05 - IB Requirements for Complete International Application 1902.06 - Examination of Application by IB 1902.07 - Irregularities in International Application 1902.07(a) - Irregularities that Must Be Remedied by the USPTO 1902.07(b) - Irregularities that Must Be Remedied by the Applicant – Applicant Must Respond Directly to the IB 1902.07(b)(i) - Fee Irregularities 1902.07(c) - Irregularities that Must Be Remedied by the Applicant – Applicant Must Respond Through the USPTO 1902.07(c)(i) - Classification of Goods/Services 1902.07(c)(ii) - Identification (Indication) of Goods/Services 1902.07(d) - Other Irregularities that Must Be Remedied by Applicant – Applicant May Respond Directly to the IB or Through the USPTO 1902.07(e) - Filing Response Directly with the IB 1902.07(f) - Responding to Notice of Irregularity Through the USPTO 1902.08 - Subsequent Designation - Request for Extension of Protection Subsequent to International Registration 1902.08(a) - USPTO Requirements 1902.08(b) - Form for Filing Subsequent Designation Through the USPTO 1902.08(c) - Fees for Subsequent Designation 1902.08(d) - IB Requirements for Subsequent Designation 1902.08(e) - Irregularities in Subsequent Designation 1902.09 - Dependence and “Central Attack”: Restriction, Abandonment, Cancellation, or Expiration of Basic Application or Registration During First 5 Years 1902.10 - Transformation When the USPTO Is the Office of Origin 1902.11 - Representative 1902.12 - USPTO Must Notify IB of Division or Merger of Basic Application or Registration 1903 - Payment of Fees 1903.01 - Payment of USPTO Fees 1903.02 - Payment of International Fees 1904 - Request for Extension of Protection of International Registration to the United States 1904.01 - Filing Request for Extension of Protection to United States 1904.01(a) - §66(a) Basis for U.S. Applications 1904.01(b) - Filing Date 1904.01(c) - Declaration of Intent to Use Required 1904.01(d) - Use Not Required 1904.01(e) - Priority 1904.01(f) - Filing Fee 1904.01(g) - Constructive Use 1904.01(h) - May Not be Based on USPTO Basic Application or Registration 1904.01(i) - Requirement for Representation Based on Domicile of §66(a) Applicant 1904.01(j) - Requirement for Email Address of §66(a) Applicant 1904.02 - Examination of Request for Extension of Protection to the United States 1904.02(a) - Examined as Regular Application on the Principal Register 1904.02(b) - Examination of Classification of Goods/Services in §66(a) Applications 1904.02(c) - Examination of Identification of Goods/Services in §66(a) Applications 1904.02(c)(i) - Acceptable Identifications of Goods/Services 1904.02(c)(ii) - Indefinite Identification of Goods/Services with Acceptable Options Within the Scope of the Class 1904.02(c)(iii) - Indefinite Identification of Goods/Services that Does Not Include Any Goods/Services Within the Class 1904.02(c)(iv) - Examination of Proposed Amendments and Issuance of Final Requirements for an Acceptable Identification 1904.02(c)(v) - Effect of Indicated Classes – No Precedential Value on Later-Filed Applications 1904.02(d) - Examination Issues Specific to Certification and Collective Marks 1904.02(e) - Corrections to an International Registration 1904.02(e)(i) - Corrections to Goods/Services/Classes 1904.02(f) - Restrictions to Goods/Services 1904.02(f)(i) - Limitations to Goods/Services 1904.02(f)(ii) - Limitations vs. Amendments to Goods and Services 1904.02(f)(iii) - Partial Cancellation of an International Registration 1904.02(f)(iv) - Partial Ceasing of Effect of a Basic Application/Registration 1904.02(g) - Refusal Must Be Made Within 18 Months 1904.02(h) - Office Actions and Responses 1904.02(i) - Correspondence Address 1904.02(j) - Mark May Not Be Amended 1904.02(k) - Drawings and Descriptions of the Mark 1904.02(l) - Jurisdiction 1904.03 - Notice of Refusal 1904.03(a) - Notice Must Be Sent Within 18 Months 1904.03(b) - Requirements for Notice of Refusal 1904.03(c) - §66(a) Applicant Must Respond to Notification of Provisional Refusal 1904.03(d) - Refusal Pertaining to Less than All the Goods/Services 1904.03(e) - Confirmation or Withdrawal of Provisional Refusal 1904.03(f) - Notification of Correction in the International Register with Respect to a Pending Request for Extension of Protection 1904.03(g) - Notification of Restrictions to Goods/Services with Respect to a Pending Request for Extension of Protection 1904.03(g)(i) - Limitations to Goods/Services 1904.03(g)(ii) - Partial Cancellation of an International Registration 1904.03(g)(iii) - Partial Ceasing of Effect of a Basic Mark 1904.04 - Opposition 1904.05 - Certificate of Extension of Protection 1904.06 - Assignment of Extension of Protection to the United States 1904.07 - Invalidation of Protection in United States 1904.07(a) - Invalidation Resulting From Cancellation Due to Third-Party Challenge 1904.07(b) - Invalidation Resulting From Cancellation for Failure to File §71 Affidavit or Declaration 1904.07(c) - Invalidation Resulting From Voluntary Surrender of Registered Extension of Protection 1904.07(d) - Invalidation Resulting from Expungement Proceedings 1904.07(e) - Issuance of Notice of Invalidation to the International Bureau 1904.08 - Cancellation of International Registration by IB 1904.09 - Transformation to Application Under §1 or §44 1904.09(a) - Requirements for Transformation 1904.09(b) - Examination of Transformed Application 1904.10 - Affidavits of Use or Excusable Nonuse Required 1904.11 - Incontestability 1904.12 - Replacement 1904.13 - Amendment and Correction of Registered Extension of Protection to the United States 1904.13(a) - Limited Amendments to Registered Extension of Protection 1904.13(b) - Corrections to Registered Extensions of Protection 1904.14 - Notification of Correction in the International Register with Respect to Registered Extension of Protection 1904.15 - Notification of Restrictions to Goods/Services with Respect to a Registered Extension of Protection 1904.15(a) - Limitations to Goods/Services 1904.15(b) - Partial Cancellation of an International Registration 1904.15(c) - Partial Ceasing of Effect of an International Registration 1905 - Renewal of International Registrations 1906 - Communications with International Bureau Regarding International Registrations 1906.01 - Recording Changes in International Register 1906.01(a) - Change in Ownership of International Registration 1906.01(a)(i) - Requirements for Submitting Changes in Ownership of International Registration Through the USPTO 1906.01(a)(ii) - International Fees for Recording Changes of Ownership of International Registration 1906.01(a)(iii) - Effect of Change of Ownership of International Registration 1906.01(a)(iv) - Dividing an International Registration After Change of Ownership with Respect to Some but Not All of the Goods/Services 1906.01(b) - Restriction of Holder’s Rights of Disposal 1906.01(c) - Change of the Holder’s Name or Address 1906.01(d) - Change of Name or Address of Representative 1906.01(e) - Limitation, Cancellation, or Renunciation of an International Registration 1906.01(f) - Correction of Errors in International Registration 1906.01(g) - Merger of International Registrations 1906.01(h) - License 1906.01(i) - Changes that Cannot Be Made to International Registration Appendix A - Examining Attorneys’ Appeal Briefs Appendix B - Members of International Trademark Agreements Appendix C - Notes of Other Statutes Appendix D - Foreign Entity Appendix Appendix E - Countries That Have Standard Character Marks or the Equivalent TMEP - Subject Matter Index A - Subject Matter Index B - Subject Matter Index C - Subject Matter Index D - Subject Matter Index E - Subject Matter Index F - Subject Matter Index G - Subject Matter Index H - Subject Matter Index I - Subject Matter Index J - Subject Matter Index K - Subject Matter Index L - Subject Matter Index M - Subject Matter Index N - Subject Matter Index O - Subject Matter Index P - Subject Matter Index Q - Subject Matter Index R - Subject Matter Index S - Subject Matter Index T - Subject Matter Index U - Subject Matter Index V - Subject Matter Index W - Subject Matter Index X - Subject Matter Index Y - Subject Matter Index Z - Subject Matter Index

1203.02(b) Elements of a §2(a) Deceptiveness Refusal

The Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit has articulated the following test for whether a mark consists of or comprises deceptive matter:

(1) Is the term misdescriptive of the character, quality, function, composition or use of the goods?
(2) If so, are prospective purchasers likely to believe that the misdescription actually describes the goods?
(3) If so, is the misdescription likely to affect a significant portion of the relevant consumers’ decision to purchase?

In re Spirits Int’l, N.V., 563 F.3d 1347, 90 USPQ2d 1489 (Fed. Cir. 2009); In re Budge Mfg. Co., 857 F.2d 773, 775, 8 USPQ2d 1259, 1260 (Fed. Cir. 1988), aff’g 8 USPQ2d 1790 (TTAB 1987).